CIDRAP: "We Believe There Is Scientific Evidence Ebola Has The Potential To Be Airborne"

When CDC Director Tim Frieden first announced, just a week ago and very erroneously, that he was "confident we will stop Ebola in its tracks here in the United States", he hardly anticipated facing the double humiliation of not only having the first person-to-person transmission of Ebola on US soil taking place within a week, but that said transmission would impact a supposedly protected healthcare worker. He certainly did not anticipate the violent public reaction that would result when, instead of taking blame for another epic CDC blunder, one which made many wonder if last night's Walking Dead season premier was in fact non-fiction, he blamed health workers for "not following protocol."

And yet, while once again casting scapegoating and blame, the CDC sternly refuses to acknowledge something others, and not just tingoil blog sites, are increasingly contemplating as a distinct possibility: namely that Ebola is, contrary to CDC "protocol", in fact airborne. Or as, an article posted by CIDRAP defines it, "aerosolized."

Who is CIDRAP?  "The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP; "SID-wrap") is a global leader in addressing public health preparedness and emerging infectious disease response. Founded in 2001, CIDRAP is part of the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota."

The full punchline from the CIDRAP report:

We believe there is scientific and epidemiologic evidence that Ebola virus has the potential to be transmitted via infectious aerosol particles both near and at a distance from infected patients, which means that healthcare workers should be wearing respirators, not facemasks.

In other words, airborne. And now the search for the next LAKE, i.e., a public company maker of powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR), begins.

Here is the full note: we hope the CDC will take the time to read it.

Health workers need optimal respiratory protection for Ebola

Today's commentary was submitted to CIDRAP by the authors, who are national experts on respiratory protection and infectious disease transmission. In May they published a similar commentary on MERS-CoV. Dr Brosseau is a Professor and Dr Jones an Assistant Professor in the School of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

Healthcare workers play a very important role in the successful containment of outbreaks of infectious diseases like Ebola. The correct type and level of personal protective equipment (PPE) ensures that healthcare workers remain healthy throughout an outbreak—and with the current rapidly expanding Ebola outbreak in West Africa, it's imperative to favor more conservative measures.

 

The precautionary principle—that any action designed to reduce risk should not await scientific certainty—compels the use of respiratory protection for a pathogen like Ebola virus that has:

• No proven pre- or post-exposure treatment modalities
• A high case-fatality rate
• Unclear modes of transmission

We believe there is scientific and epidemiologic evidence that Ebola virus has the potential to be transmitted via infectious aerosol particles both near and at a distance from infected patients, which means that healthcare workers should be wearing respirators, not facemasks.¹

The minimum level of protection in high-risk settings should be a respirator with an assigned protection factor greater than 10. A powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) with a hood or helmet offers many advantages over an N95 filtering facepiece or similar respirator, being more protective, comfortable, and cost-effective in the long run.

We strongly urge the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to seek funds for the purchase and transport of PAPRs to all healthcare workers currently fighting the battle against Ebola throughout Africa—and beyond.

There has been a lot of on-line and published controversy about whether Ebola virus can be transmitted via aerosols. Most scientific and medical personnel, along with public health organizations, have been unequivocal in their statements that Ebola can be transmitted only by direct contact with virus-laden fluids^2,3 and that the only modes of transmission we should be concerned with are those termed "droplet" and "contact."

These statements are based on two lines of reasoning. The first is that no one located at a distance from an infected individual has contracted the disease, or the converse, every person infected has had (or must have had) "direct" contact with the body fluids of an infected person.

This reflects an incorrect and outmoded understanding of infectious aerosols, which has been institutionalized in policies, language, culture, and approaches to infection control. We will address this below. Briefly, however, the important points are that virus-laden bodily fluids may be aerosolized and inhaled while a person is in proximity to an infectious person and that a wide range of particle sizes can be inhaled and deposited throughout the respiratory tract.

The second line of reasoning is that respirators or other control measures for infectious aerosols cannot be recommended in developing countries because the resources, time, and/or understanding for such measures are lacking.⁴

Although there are some important barriers to the use of respirators, especially PAPRs, in developing countries, healthcare workers everywhere deserve and should be afforded the same best-practice types of protection, regardless of costs and resources. Every healthcare worker is a precious commodity whose well-being ensures everyone is protected.

If we are willing to offer infected US healthcare workers expensive treatments and experimental drugs free of charge when most of the world has no access to them, we wonder why we are unwilling to find the resources to provide appropriate levels of comparatively less expensive respiratory protection to every healthcare worker around the world.

How are infectious diseases transmitted via aerosols?

Medical and infection control professionals have relied for years on a paradigm for aerosol transmission of infectious diseases based on very outmoded research and an overly simplistic interpretation of the data. In the 1940s and 50s, William F. Wells and other "aerobiologists" employed now significantly out-of-date sampling methods (eg, settling plates) and very blunt analytic approaches (eg, cell culturing) to understand the movement of bacterial aerosols in healthcare and other settings. Their work, though groundbreaking at the time, provides a very incomplete picture.

Early aerobiologists were not able to measure small particles near an infectious person and thus assumed such particles existed only far from the source. They concluded that organisms capable of aerosol transmission (termed "airborne") can only do so at around 3 feet or more from the source. Because they thought that only larger particles would be present near the source, they believed people would be exposed only via large "droplets" on their face, eyes, or nose.

Modern research, using more sensitive instruments and analytic methods, has shown that aerosols emitted from the respiratory tract contain a wide distribution of particle sizes—including many that are small enough to be inhaled.^5,6 Thus, both small and large particles will be present near an infectious person.

The chance of large droplets reaching the facial mucous membranes is quite small, as the nasal openings are small and shielded by their external and internal structure. Although close contact may permit large-droplet exposure, it also maximizes the possibility of aerosol inhalation.

As noted by early aerobiologists, liquid in a spray aerosol, such as that generated during coughing or sneezing, will quickly evaporate,⁷ which increases the concentration of small particles in the aerosol. Because evaporation occurs in milliseconds, many of these particles are likely to be found near the infectious person.

The current paradigm also assumes that only "small" particles (less than 5 micrometers [mcm]) can be inhaled and deposited in the respiratory tract. This is not true. Particles as large as 100 mcm (and perhaps even larger) can be inhaled into the mouth and nose. Larger particles are deposited in the nasal passages, pharynx, and upper regions of the lungs, while smaller particles are more likely to deposit in the lower, alveolar regions. And for many pathogens, infection is possible regardless of the particle size or deposition site.

It's time to abandon the old paradigm of three mutually exclusive transmission routes for a new one that considers the full range of particle sizes both near and far from a source. In addition, we need to factor in other important features of infectivity, such as the ability of a pathogen to remain viable in air at room temperature and humidity and the likelihood that systemic disease can result from deposition of infectious particles in the respiratory system or their transfer to the gastrointestinal tract.

We recommend using "aerosol transmissible" rather than the outmoded terms "droplet" or "airborne" to describe pathogens that can transmit disease via infectious particles suspended in air.

Is Ebola an aerosol-transmissible disease?

We recently published a commentary on the CIDRAP site discussing whether Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, especially in healthcare settings. We drew comparisons with a similar and more well-studied disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

For Ebola and other filoviruses, however, there is much less information and research on disease transmission and survival, especially in healthcare settings.

Being at first skeptical that Ebola virus could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, we are now persuaded by a review of experimental and epidemiologic data that this might be an important feature of disease transmission, particularly in healthcare settings.

What do we know about Ebola transmission?

No one knows for certain how Ebola virus is transmitted from one person to the next. The virus has been found in the saliva, stool, breast milk, semen, and blood of infected persons.^8,9 Studies of transmission in Ebola virus outbreaks have identified activities like caring for an infected person, sharing a bed, funeral activities, and contact with blood or other body fluids to be key risk factors for transmission.^10-12

On the basis of epidemiologic evidence, it has been presumed that Ebola viruses are transmitted by contaminated hands in contact with the mouth or eyes or broken skin or by splashes or sprays of body fluids into these areas. Ebola viruses appear to be capable of initiating infection in a variety of human cell types,^13,14 but the primary portal or portals of entry into susceptible hosts have not been identified.

Some pathogens are limited in the cell type and location they infect. Influenza, for example, is generally restricted to respiratory epithelial cells, which explains why flu is primarily a respiratory infection and is most likely aerosol transmissible. HIV infects T-helper cells in the lymphoid tissues and is primarily a bloodborne pathogen with low probability for transmission via aerosols.

Ebola virus, on the other hand, is a broader-acting and more non-specific pathogen that can impede the proper functioning of macrophages and dendritic cells—immune response cells located throughout the epithelium.^15,16 Epithelial tissues are found throughout the body, including in the respiratory tract. Ebola prevents these cells from carrying out their antiviral functions but does not interfere with the initial inflammatory response, which attracts additional cells to the infection site. The latter contribute to further dissemination of the virus and similar adverse consequences far beyond the initial infection site.

The potential for transmission via inhalation of aerosols, therefore, cannot be ruled out by the observed risk factors or our knowledge of the infection process. Many body fluids, such as vomit, diarrhea, blood, and saliva, are capable of creating inhalable aerosol particles in the immediate vicinity of an infected person. Cough was identified among some cases in a 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo,¹¹ and coughs are known to emit viruses in respirable particles.¹⁷ The act of vomiting produces an aerosol and has been implicated in airborne transmission of gastrointestinal viruses.^18,19 Regarding diarrhea, even when contained by toilets, toilet flushing emits a pathogen-laden aerosol that disperses in the air.^20-22

Experimental work has shown that Marburg and Ebola viruses can be isolated from sera and tissue culture medium at room temperature for up to 46 days, but at room temperature no virus was recovered from glass, metal, or plastic surfaces.²³ Aerosolized (1-3 mcm) Marburg, Ebola, and Reston viruses, at 50% to 55% relative humidity and 72°F, had biological decay rates of 3.04%, 3.06%. and 1.55% per minute, respectively. These rates indicate that 99% loss in aerosol infectivity would occur in 93, 104, and 162 minutes, respectively.²³

In still air, 3-mcm particles can take up to an hour to settle. With air currents, these and smaller particles can be transported considerable distances before they are deposited on a surface.

There is also some experimental evidence that Ebola and other filoviruses can be transmitted by the aerosol route. Jaax et al²⁴ reported the unexpected death of two rhesus monkeys housed approximately 3 meters from monkeys infected with Ebola virus, concluding that respiratory or eye exposure to aerosols was the only possible explanation.

Zaire Ebola viruses have also been transmitted in the absence of direct contact among pigs²⁵ and from pigs to non-human primates,²⁶ which experienced lung involvement in infection. Persons with no known direct contact with Ebola virus disease patients or their bodily fluids have become infected.¹²

Direct injection and exposure via a skin break or mucous membranes are the most efficient ways for Ebola to transmit. It may be that inhalation is a less efficient route of transmission for Ebola and other filoviruses, as lung involvement has not been reported in all non-human primate studies of Ebola aerosol infectivity.²⁷ However, the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems are not complete barriers to Ebola virus. Experimental studies have demonstrated that it is possible to infect non-human primates and other mammals with filovirus aerosols.^25-27

Altogether, these epidemiologic and experimental data offer enough evidence to suggest that Ebola and other filoviruses may be opportunistic with respect to aerosol transmission.²⁸ That is, other routes of entry may be more important and probable, but, given the right conditions, it is possible that transmission could also occur via aerosols.

Guidance from the CDC and WHO recommends the use of facemasks for healthcare workers providing routine care to patients with Ebola virus disease and respirators when aerosol-generating procedures are performed. (Interestingly, the 1998 WHO and CDC infection-control guidance for viral hemorrhagic fevers in Africa, still available on the CDC Web site, recommends the use of respirators.)

Facemasks, however, do not offer protection against inhalation of small infectious aerosols, because they lack adequate filters and do not fit tightly against the face.¹ Therefore, a higher level of protection is necessary.

Which respirator to wear?

As described in our earlier CIDRAP commentary, we can use a Canadian control-banding approach to select the most appropriate respirator for exposures to Ebola in healthcare settings.²⁹ (See this document for a detailed description of the Canadian control banding approach and the data used to select respirators in our examples below.)

The control banding method involves the following steps:

1. Identify the organism's risk group (1 to 4). Risk group reflects the toxicity of an organism, including the degree and type of disease and whether treatments are available. Ebola is in risk group 4, the most toxic organisms, because it can cause serious human or animal disease, is easily transmitted, directly or indirectly, and currently has no effective treatments or preventive measures.
2. Identify the generation rate. The rate of aerosol generation reflects the number of particles created per time (eg, particles per second). Some processes, such as coughing, create more aerosols than others, like normal breathing. Some processes, like intubation and toilet flushing, can rapidly generate very large quantities of aerosols. The control banding approach assigns a qualitative rank ranging from low (1) to high (4) (eg, normal breathing without coughing has a rank of 1).
3. Identify the level of control. Removing contaminated air and replacing it with clean air, as accomplished with a ventilation system, is effective for lowering the overall concentration of infectious aerosol particles in a space, although it may not be effective at lowering concentration in the immediate vicinity of a source. The number of air changes per hour (ACH) reflects the rate of air removal and replacement. This is a useful variable, because it is relatively easy to measure and, for hospitals, reflects building code requirements for different types of rooms. Again, a qualitative ranking is used to reflect low (1) versus high (4) ACH. Even if the true ventilation rate is not known, the examples can be used to select an appropriate air exchange rate.
4. Identify the respirator assigned protection factor. Respirators are designated by their "class," each of which has an assigned protection factor (APF) that reflects the degree of protection. The APF represents the outside, environmental concentration divided by the inside, facepiece concentration. An APF of 10 means that the outside concentration of a particular contaminant will be 10 times greater than that inside the respirator. If the concentration outside the respirator is very high, an assigned protection factor of 10 may not prevent the wearer from inhaling an infective dose of a highly toxic organism.

Practical examples

Two examples follow. These assume that infectious aerosols are generated only during vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, or similar high-energy emissions such as some medical procedures. It is possible that Ebola virus may be shed as an aerosol in other manners not considered.

Caring for a patient in the early stages of disease (no bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, etc). In this case, the generation rate is 1. For any level of control (less than 3 to more than 12 ACH), the control banding wheel indicates a respirator protection level of 1 (APF of 10), which corresponds to an air purifying (negative pressure) half-facepiece respirator such as an N95 filtering facepiece respirator. This type of respirator requires fit testing.

Caring for a patient in the later stages of disease (bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, etc). If we assume the highest generation rate (4) and a standard patient room (control level = 2, 3-6 ACH), a respirator with an APF of at least 50 is needed. In the United States, this would be equivalent to either a full-facepiece air-purifying (negative-pressure) respirator or a half-facepiece PAPR (positive pressure), but standards differ in other countries. Fit testing is required for these types of respirators.

The control level (room ventilation) can have a big effect on respirator selection. For the same patient housed in a negative-pressure airborne infection isolation room (6-12 ACH), a respirator with an assigned protection factor of 25 is required. This would correspond in the United States to a PAPR with a loose-fitting facepiece or with a helmet or hood. This type of respirator does not need fit testing.

Implications for protecting health workers in Africa

Healthcare workers have experienced very high rates of morbidity and mortality in the past and current Ebola virus outbreaks. A facemask, or surgical mask, offers no or very minimal protection from infectious aerosol particles. As our examples illustrate, for a risk group 4 organism like Ebola, the minimum level of protection should be an N95 filtering facepiece respirator.

This type of respirator, however, would only be appropriate only when the likelihood of aerosol exposure is very low. For healthcare workers caring for many patients in an epidemic situation, this type of respirator may not provide an adequate level of protection.

For a risk group 4 organism, any activity that has the potential for aerosolizing liquid body fluids, such as medical or disinfection procedures, should be avoided, if possible. Our risk assessment indicates that a PAPR with a full facepiece (APF = 50) or a hood or helmet (APF = 25) would be a better choice for patient care during epidemic conditions.

We recognize that PAPRs present some logistical and infection-control problems. Batteries require frequent charging (which requires a reliable source of electricity), and the entire ensemble requires careful handling and disinfection between uses. A PAPR is also more expensive to buy and maintain than other types of respirators.

On the other hand, a PAPR with a loose-fitting facepiece (hood or helmet) does not require fit testing. Wearing this type of respirator minimizes the need for other types of PPE, such as head coverings and goggles. And, most important, it is much more comfortable to wear than a negative-pressure respirator like an N95, especially in hot environments.

A recent report from a Medecins Sans Frontieres healthcare worker in Sierra Leone³⁰ notes that healthcare workers cannot tolerate the required PPE for more than 40 minutes. Exiting the workplace every 40 minutes requires removal and disinfection or disposal (burning) of all PPE. A PAPR would allow much longer work periods, use less PPE, require fewer doffing episodes, generate less infectious waste, and be more protective. In the long run, we suspect this type of protection could also be less expensive.

Adequate protection is essential

To summarize, for the following reasons we believe that Ebola could be an opportunistic aerosol-transmissible disease requiring adequate respiratory protection:

• Patients and procedures generate aerosols, and Ebola virus remains viable in aerosols for up to 90 minutes.
• All sizes of aerosol particles are easily inhaled both near to and far from the patient.
• Crowding, limited air exchange, and close interactions with patients all contribute to the probability that healthcare workers will be exposed to high concentrations of very toxic infectious aerosols.
• Ebola targets immune response cells found in all epithelial tissues, including in the respiratory and gastrointestinal system.
• Experimental data support aerosols as a mode of disease transmission in non-human primates.

Risk level and working conditions suggest that a PAPR will be more protective, cost-effective, and comfortable than an N95 filtering facepiece respirator.

Acknowledgements

We thank Kathleen Harriman, PhD, MPH, RN, Chief, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Epidemiology Section, Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, and Nicole Vars McCullough, PhD, CIH, Manager, Global Technical Services, Personal Safety Division, 3M Company, for their input and review.

References

1. Oberg L, Brosseau LM. Surgical mask filter and fit performance. Am J Infect Control 2008 May;36(4):276-82 [Abstract]
2. CDC. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: transmission. 2014 Aug 13 [Full text]
3. ECDC. Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa: third update, 1 August 2014. Stockholm: ECDC 2014 Aug 1 [Full text]
4. Martin-Moreno JM, Llinas G, Hernandez JM. Is respiratory protection appropriate in the Ebola response? Lancet 2014 Sep 6;384(9946):856 [Full text]
5. Papineni RS, Rosenthal FS. The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects. J Aerosol Med 1997;10(2):105-16 [Abstract]
6. Chao CYH, Wan MP, Morawska L, et al. Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening. J Aerosol Sci 2009 Feb;40(2):122-33 [Abstract]
7. Nicas M, Nazaroff WW, Hubbard A. Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens. J Occup Environ Hyg 2005 Mar;2(3):143-54 [Abstract]
8. Bauchsch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, et al. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J Infect Dis 2007;196:S142-7 [Full text]
9. Formenty P, Leroy EM, Epelboin A, et al. Detection of Ebola virus in oral fluid specimens during outbreaks of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Jun;42(11):1521-6 [Full text]
10. Francesconi P, Yoti Z, Declich S, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Nov;9(11):1430-7 [Full text]
11. Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, et al. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999 Feb;179:S87-91 [Full text]
12. Roels TH, Bloom AS, Buffington J, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: risk factors for patients without a reported exposure. J Infect Dis 1999 Feb;179:S92-7 [Full text]
13. Kuhl A, Hoffmann M, Muller MA, et al. Comparative analysis of Ebola virus glycoprotein interactions with human and bat cells. J Infect Dis 2011 Nov;204:S840-9 [Full text]
14. Hunt CL, Lennemann NJ, Maury W. Filovirus entry: a novelty in the viral fusion world. Viruses 2012 Feb;4(2):258-75 [Full text]
15. Bray M, Geisbert TW. Ebola virus: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005 Aug;37(8):1560-6 [Full text]
16. Mohamadzadeh M, Chen L, Schmaljohn AL. How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2007 Jul;7(7):556-67 [Abstract]
17. Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Thewlis RE, et al. Measurements of airborne influenza virus in aerosol particles from human coughs. PLoS One 2010 Nov 30;5(11):e15100 [Full text]
18. Caul EO. Small round structured viruses: airborne transmission and hospital control. Lancet 1994 May 21;343(8908):1240-2 [Full text]
19. Chadwick PR, Walker M, Rees AE. Airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. Lancet 1994 Jan 15;343(8890):171 [Full text]
20. Best EL, Snadoe JA, Wilcox MH. Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination. J Hosp Infect 2012 Jan;80(1):1-5 [Full text]
21. Gerba CP, Wallis C, Melnick JL. Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl Microbiol 1975 Aug;30(2):229-37 [Full text]
22. Barker J, Jones MV. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J Appl Microbiol 2005;99(2):339-47 [Full text]
23. Piercy TJ, Smither SJ, Steward JA, et al. The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol. J Appl Microbiol 2010 Nov;109(5):1531-9 [Full text]
24. Jaax N, Jahrling P, Geisbert T, et al. Transmission of Ebola virus (Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory. Lancet 1995 Dec 23-30;346(8991-2):1669-71 [Abstract]
25. Kobinger GP, Leung A, Neufeld J, et al. Replication, pathogenicity, shedding and transmission of Zaire ebolavirus in pigs. J Infect Dis 2011 Jul 15;204(2):200-8 [Full text]
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28. Roy CJ, Milton DK. Airborne transmission of communicable infection—the elusive pathway. N Engl J Med 2004 Apr;350(17):1710-2 [Preview]
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Comments

[world_debt_slave]

everyone is expendable

[oak]

should you trust him?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Frieden

[thamnosma]

I'm making a 2-week trip tomorrow that will put me in contact with the public.  Damn.   Already can't wait to return to my mountain retreat.

[The Carbonator]

And you can bet your ASS that if there is any zMAPP Doeses available they would go to Government 'officials' and their families first.

Buy that Lead Folks!

[I Write Code]

Look, all of these things are statistical, stochastic.  On the one hand any idiot is going to realize that ebola *can* be communicated across space and time in a lot of indirect ways - on rare occassions.  The problem with ebola is that "rare" is still too much, especially since the new victim may then spread it more directly before even being diagnosed and isolated.

We are lucky that ebola is still pretty difficult to transmit indirectly like this, but "pretty difficult" is NOT "impossible" like these dickheads on tv keep implying.  OTOH if it really were that easy to transmit we'd all have been through worldwide epidemics of it over the years and centuries - and we'd all have more immunity to it.  So the dickhead doctors aren't completely wrong, but they're not completely right either and should stop pretending.

We're waiting on what I guess is some new science on exactly how ebola enters the cell.  It's a weird coincidence, or not, that bubonic plague and AIDS used the same channel.  Most of Europe and the world has some plague-resistant genes today, because of the historic plagues.  I guess the similar research has not yet been done for ebola, at least I haven't run across it.  Knowing how it enters provides a guideline for drugs to prevent and treat.  I'm sure the research is going on now, both on the mechanism and treatments.  Hope it moves along quickly.

[Goldbugger]

This is coming from a division of Mayo Clinic.

[Tenshin Headache]

CIDRAP is University of Minnesota.

[skbull44]

So it's not contained?? Oops...

http://olduvai.ca

[Toyota echo]

If you go to Washington to let them know your infected, the only people getting hurt will be the poor and middle class,Our leaders are Immunized.

[Toyota echo]

If you go to Washington to let them know your infected, the only people getting hurt will be the poor and middle class,Our leaders are Immunized.

[dearth vader]

Is that you, Toyota? Or your echo?

[Barnaby]

Airborne. We have a class of humans that are airborne. Anybody who's ever sneezed knows airborne. Watch any porno and globs of pearl are definitely airborne.

If you look at the MSDS of EBOV, you see the following:

INFECTIOUS DOSE: 1 – 10 aerosolized organisms are sufficient to cause infection in humans (21).

Nosocomial infections can occur through contact with infected body fluids due to the reuse of unsterilized syringes, needles, or other medical equipment contaminated with these fluids (1, 2). Humans may be infected by handling sick or dead non-human primates and are also at risk when handling the bodies of deceased humans in preparation for funerals, suggesting possible transmission through aerosol droplets (2, 6, 28). In the laboratory, infection through small-particle aerosols has been demonstrated in primates, and airborne spread among humans is strongly suspected, although it has not yet been conclusively demonstrated (1, 6, 13). The importance of this route of transmission is not clear.

I'm running my air on defrost and recirc this morning yet I can clearly smell the disgusting breath from a meatbag smoking a nic stick. EBOV is "lighter" than 65% of smoke particulates.

[Rusty Diggins]

Again, death brought to you and yours by the smartest guys and gals in the room.

[Amish Hacker]

Great news: ebola is only transmissable in conditions of "Crowding, limited air exchange, and close interactions." But isn't that the definition of flying coach? 

[Bob]

Good luck with that "First Class" ticket, my friend. 

Unless you mean to distinguish between airline and the "private"  jet travel of self-dealing corporate gangsters by referring to airlines generically as "coach." 

[Bill of Rights]

We could only hope someone with Ebola pisses all over the toilet seats at the Capital.

[geno-econ]

By definition Ebola should also be considered a sexually transmitted desease, even if you do it the old fashoned way. Body fluids, saliva, now airborne transmission, The only variable is timing in recognizing symptoms  of Ebola.  So take your wife seriously if she has a headache, has a tummy ache or vommits on your privates---by then it is too late. 

[p00k1e]

Why is the penis always the enemy to these females?

‘North Korea has a singularly brutal solution to the crisis: “They pulled the penises of all 12 million males in less than 24 hours. No penis, no Ebola injections.”’ (sic)

[Goldbugger]

http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/09/commentary-health-wor...

[TomGa]

And from 1995.....

Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus.

Int J Exp Pathol. 1995 Aug;76(4):227-36.

Johnson E1, Jaax N, White J, Jahrling P.

1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA.

ABSTRACT

The potential of aerogenic infection by Ebola virus was established by   using a head-only exposure aerosol system. Virus-containing droplets of 0.8-1.2 microns were generated and administered into the respiratory  tract of rhesus monkeys via inhalation. Inhalation of viral doses as lowas 400 plaque-forming units of virus caused a rapidly fatal disease in 4-5 days. The illness was clinically identical to that reported for  parenteral virus inoculation, except for the occurrence of subcutaneous and venipuncture site bleeding and serosanguineous nasal discharge.  Immunocytochemistry revealed cell-associated Ebola virus antigens  present in airway epithelium, alveolar pneumocytes, and macrophages in  the lung and pulmonary lymph nodes; extracellular antigen was present on mucosal surfaces of the nose, oropharynx and airways. Aggregates of  characteristic filamentous virus were present within type I pneumocytes, macrophages, and air spaces of the lung by electron microscopy.  Demonstration of fatal aerosol transmission of this virus in monkeys  reinforces the importance of taking appropriate precautions to prevent  its potential aerosol transmission to humans.

SOURCE:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7547435 (pdf available for free download)

[Tenshin Headache]

"Immunocytochemistry revealed cell-associated Ebola virus antigens  present in airway epithelium, alveolar pneumocytes, and macrophages in  the lung and pulmonary lymph nodes; extracellular antigen was present on mucosal surfaces of the nose, oropharynx and airways."

That is important. To visualize virus in this manner under a flourescence microscope requires more than a few particles of virus scattered around. That they can do it means that each of those locations/tissues (other than extracellular virus on mucosal surfaces) is a host for the virus. Including airway epithelial cells and pneumocytes in alveoli (cf: pneumonia). It is replicating within those tissues, which have become little virus factories.

Virus is present on mucosal surfaces of the nose, mouth and throat. And in saliva. Small droplet transmission.

These are monkeys, but we are very closely related, and the virus probably doesn't have to jump through too many hoops to replicate the behavior in man.

The 400 PFU required for infection via the respiratory route is higher than the "less than 10" PFUs for infection with Eboli that has been reported elsewhere, but it's still a scant amount of virus.

Meanwhile, there is nothing to worry about. Carry on as usual.

[thunderchief]

Russia has a vaccine almost ready to go. And what is the west doing?
More sanctions while we toss salad with the Saudi's and Qatari's I guess..

[smacker]

As I have said on ZH several times, it may be that Ebola is not only "aerosolized" but also "airborne". Meaning that it is carried in the water vapour that exists in the air we breath.

In Africa, with an air temperature of (say) 30C and relative humidity of 65% or 70% - quite common in that part of the world and elsewhere in the tropics/sub-tropics - that's a lot of water vapour in the air. How long Ebola survives in the air is a matter for analysis and debate but it's surely long enough to infect a lot of people in crowded urban settings.

[Inthemix96]

Shut the mother fucking borders.

Shut the mother fucking airlines down till containment is achieved.

Isis-olate this shit, as in now, as in yesterday, no?

You are being fucking played like the fiddle you are folks.

They think you really ARE THIS FUCKING THICK.

Cunts, and you still belive them??????

[Inthemix96]

Down voter, come on then you cunt, call me owt.

Stupid fucking cunt.

[fxrxexexdxoxmx]

Anyone who down votes Inthemix96 is a stupid fucking cunt. Freedom X has Inthemix96's back.

[sweaty7]

Bring out your dead, bring out your dead.........

[Son of Loki]

The Dept of State [run by Hillary] has opened the flood gates to these infected people grnating them visas.

I don't understand her motives or goals?

[Haole]

Well DUUUUUH, BTChez.

[Rusty Diggins]

PAPRs require battery power to operate. Should the ole lights go out you are left with zero protection.  They are nice because they blow cool filtered air at your face.  For long periods of use where electricity is available they are fine.  For how this situation, which could spin out of control, think stone axe, soviet technology. Simple air purifying repirator.  You have a choice of half face or full face.  The half face is way more comfortable and cooler, but your eyes are exposed as a potential infection route. So get the full face, plus a couple dozen replacement cartridges.  Also, always be freshly shaven (uh, meaning your face) beard stubble will greatly reduce the mask seal and potentially cause exposure.  Learn how to fit test yourself and perform the self check everytime you don the mask. I like MSA products, they have been making this ppe forever and developed alot of it in house.  Also treat your apr like your life depends on it, watch for wear (you might be wearing it for extended periods of time) when you remove it, wash with warm water and store (dry) in a dry 1 gallon ziplock.  Good luck mateys.

[czarangelus]

And it only took thousands of deaths and the infection of numerous trained medical professionals taking all suggested precautions designed to save their fucking lives to admit it!

[Seal]

Way to go Brownie

[malek]

Evidence to have potential?

"Scientific" weasel words... or translated: give us more research money!

[NoWayJose]

Ebola is a living organism that is trying to reproduce itself. Given the number of infected healthcare workers just this year it should be obvious that Ebola has made an evolutionary improvement to its own method of transmission. Sure, I believe a 'breach in protocol' is possible - a few times. But what are we at now - 250+ healthcare workers - ALL of whom breached protocols - even knowing how deadly Ebola is? This is not a breach in protocols but rather a failure of those protocols.

[Rikeska]

CDC Director just said, "Ain't nobody got time to read all that".

[p00k1e]

Are we sure they can read??  What’s hiring ‘just because’ Vs credentials called again? 

[Kirk2NCC1701]

Who said this (yesterday): "I was part of a ten-person team at a Human Genome Project that weaponized diseases to fight weaponized diseases. Pathogenic micro-organisms fought pathogenic micro-organisms: Fight fire with fire.  Interdepartmental drinks were held, relationships made, information shared.  I’m keenly aware of all the details behind the Fail-Safe Delivery Systems to kill every living person on this planet.  I believe that with a little tweaking of the terminals in DC we can flip the Script.” ?

[thedrickster]

The crazy mullet dude on Walking Dead.

[NoWayJose]

We are using 100 year old quarantine procedures and 30 year old Ebola protocols to fight a modern virus!

[Latitude25]

And there's a good chance the whole ebola scare is a complete hoax.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TP6qMY1_6dg&list=UUVEaFSr-jdTa_QE4PPSkVJw

[Tenshin Headache]

There is a 0% chance that the whole ebola scare is a complete hoax.

[Latitude25]

And what information do you have to base your brilliant conclusion?

[Tenshin Headache]

It's not so much the information, which is out there all over the place, as what you with it. I'm a scientist, so I draw reasonable conclusions. Not sure how you are thinking this is a hoax, but you will continue to be proven wrong by the facts.

I do hope they stop it, even if it means you go on believing it is a hoax.

[Latitude25]

And I do hope you watch the video before coming to your 0% conclusion.

[Barnaby]

And I do hope you get a grip and stop letting people fill your head with videos.

Get a petri dish, get some agar, grow a pet, then grow some balls. Force data through your eyes the real way, not in animated regurgitations.

[Latitude25]

So I can assume you haven't watched the video?  I still believe people have died from something that is called "ebola" however if LIberian citizens don't seem to think there is a problem it really is worth starting to ask questions.  Or do you blindly accept everything you hear?

[SgtShaftoe]

It's not just videos, it's the data that stinks. It never ceases to amaze me how so called modern "scientists" seek data that confirms their hypothesis.

A REAL scientist goes where the facts and data lead them, they don't jump to conclusions and they DO stay vigilantly skeptical.  Most scientists these days are a fucking disgrace, just like the dipshit who commented on your earlier comment.  They're rent seeking prostitute schills out for a grant. 

It's highly unlikely that what we're dealing with is actually Ebola.  Dengue fever that's being politically twisted to Ebola, maybe.  Maybe it's all manufactured in parallel with a natural dengue fever outbreak.  Then again, maybe it's something else.  Ebola is a very fastidious disease.  It's highly unlikely a virus would jump from it's previous state to a state with magical and mysterious powers of infection.  That's just not how infectious disease works. 

It's also interesting that the lions share of the reporting about it is from US controlled media, and NATO US slave states.  It's very interesting that it just so happens the affected countries also have vast natural resources US fascist corporations want... and all this happened at the same time.  What a fucking coinkidink huh!

[Latitude25]

That's nice you first 2 downvote lemmings.  You haven't even had enough time to watch the video yet.

[homiegot]

OK. I dare you to go hang out in West Africa with Ebola victims. You won't make it back to tell us it was all a hoax.

[Latitude25]

I haven't made up my mind yet what is going on with this disease.  I am critically watching all sources of information for what is really going on.  I do know one thing and that is that if this were truly highly contagious that half of Liberia should be dead.

[Jethro]

I understand what you're saying, but with humans as the vector here, and there is some latitude for deviation in infection rates.  There is some form of an education campaign happening here, but humans are creatures of habit.  Count how many times you touch your face daily. 

Western Africa is a different culture than what we have here in the US.  We tend to have a more robust sense of personal space and hygene than most Western Africans.  If/when ebola makes it to Central and South Asia....Katie bar the door.

[SgtShaftoe]

There has never been an Ebola outbreak in many of these countries mentioned.  Just check the WHO data.  So we're already dealing with an extreme outlier situation. 

I agree with your statement about culture and hygiene.  In fact, there was a skynews report in which the reporter went with a body removal team in very limited PPE.  Nobody was infected.  This team had done 5,000 body removals in an absolute shanty and had none of the team infected.  That a nurse in a US healthcare setting was infected and those people weren't, the ambulance cleaners aren't etc, is nothing short of magical.

The data is anomalous.  It's inconsistent.  It's in-fact all over the fucking map.  It's not rational, and stinks of fear mongering to a given end-in-mind. 

[malek]

Just for the record, have you already made up your mind on HIV? (a/k/a AIDS)

[shovelhead]

You Tube is a highly reliable source of information.

Some of the finest minds on the planet post videos.

Except for the guy with the wombat chili recipe.

[SgtShaftoe]

You have a healthy dose of skepticism.  That shows true rationality and that you're not being controlled by fear.  Stay skeptical.  It's healthy. 

[SgtShaftoe]

haven't heard that one before...good one.  Is that the disinfo line of the day?  Plenty of people on the ground say nothing is going on.  Buy me a ticket, and I'll spend a weekend there.  Dumbass. 

[Thanatos]

I had Pure Evil pull that on me about 6 weeks ago..

I had just returned from Mauritania, coming out thru Senegal.

Been back once since.

Nothing is really different, nobody asked anything not normally asked.

W. Africa is a health hazzard on a good day, so good luck telling the ebola from the break-bone and malaria if you visit Monrovia for the weekend (whew, no thanks)

[Tenshin Headache]

Because you asked so nicely, I tried to watch the video. I got to 1:37 before I had to shut it off. Crazy talk from a woman who sounds a little crazy.

[Latitude25]

So you have a personal inate dislike for the messenger.  That does not negate the message.

[trader1]

no shit it has the potential, until we know the impossibilities.

[trader1]

don't take all my posts seriously.

sometimes it's just about

good music promotion

[Fix It Again Timmy]

This revelation falls under the scientific term, "No shit, Sherlock"...  A cub scout troop could have come to that conclusion by simply visiting a BSL-4 Lab and putting 2 and 2 together...

[Atomizer]

Complete Bullshit, when the entire global trading system is dire straits, begin selling Ebola health clothing line to minimize GDP growth projections. 

New designs coming to you throughout your local retail outlets. 

[homiegot]

Yup. The thing the CDC has been denying. 

[pupdog1]

Somebody take Director Frieden's comic book away from him--this is serious.

[1Inthebeginning]

If you put two p100 or hepa filters in series would it remove more particles.  I think that it would.  Would it be possible to moisten a filter with a disinfectant without damaging the lungs?

[p00k1e]

Safety is in the forest.

Ebola victims cannot climb into the trees. 
Ebola victims cannot sneeze up into the trees.

Take to the trees!!! 

[chump666]

Ebola probably came from the trees we cut down.  And they say humans will destroy the world! hahahaha.  We are f*cking nothing.

[AgentScruffy]

Bats.

[FranSix]

15ml of food grade hydroge peroxide in a room humidifier will most certainly help.

[dearth vader]

Zombies and vampires are facing hard times. With or without respirators, they're done.

[p00k1e]

As their family wilts into a slurry....  "I can't understand this.  I wore the paper mask.  I wore the paper mask.” 

[rsnoble]

Good lord!!  How fucking stupid do you have to be to BE WEARING A FACE MASK AND NOT A RESPIRATOR!!!!!!!!!

Do us dumbasses on zh know more about this shit than the CDC?

Just from simple net reading I understand:

This shit may become spread thru coughs etc.

From my years of using face mask I understand:

You're a fucking idiot if you go with anything other than a fully enclosed suit.  

EVER PAINT WITH A FACE MASK AND NOT A RESPIRATOR?  Bingo.  Blue snot.

You motherfuckers are retard from top to bottom.

[rsnoble]

So basically with my knowledge of chemicals, face masks, etc......I just partially solved the entire goddamn problem--in the US and abroad.  Incredo-stupid.

Not to mention masks don't have a tight seal and with something this viral not only do you need a respirator(with the correct inserts!!) it needs to be a totally enclosed suit.

And let's please not forgot the decontamination chamber!  Not going to do much good to undress each other with bare hands.

Unreal.

[p00k1e]

Adolph Hitler wore has moustache a certain way so his gas mask would be effective.

I can’t wait to see all the light skinned, dark-haired folks running around with moustaches styled after Hitler.  LOL Not very PC. 

[css1971]

No, you're missing the point... They know this already.

Go look at biosafety level 4 requirements, which are those required for Ebola and have been for years. This is what they should be doing already.

The question you have to ask is why are they not doing this?

Really? Stupidity? You really think stupidity explains this behavior? ... Or does malice explain it better?

[kumquatsunite]

There is an early scene in the Dustin Hoffman movie Outbreak showing them going into Biosafety Level 4 with Full Suits. Typing across the screen notes that Ebola is one of the few diseases that require this. Could someobdy send Frieden (Head of the CDC) a copy of this movie so he can crib some notes!!! Otherwise we are all doomed.

Or he could just spend some of that government paycheck money, from Taxpayers who expect to be protected at All costs from his stupidity, on Amazon stream and watch it. Hey Friden, got time to learn something? Watch Outbreak.

[Bioscale]

One question: why has the US government or CDC or whoever patented several strains/types of ebola virus? Isn't it for the purpose of stopping the production of a vaccine outside of what the TPTB consider as efficient? All this ebola story looks like a big plan of the US bankers and elites to shift  the reality to some new events they carefully prepared..

I'm really curious when it gets out of control. I mean on the US soil, the rest is not that significant.

[Tenshin Headache]

For the simple reason that they were inventors on the patent. Who the inventors are is a matter of fact, not debate.

It's actually a good thing that they patented this, even without commercial intent. Why? So they can practice the invention without being confronted by a multinational pharmaceutical company that did file a patent demanding license fees.

And so on.

[Barnaby]

Why patent? Under UCC:

1. To prohibit the comparative weaponization of EBOV by hostile governments or agencies;
2. To encourage the preservation of client states and friendly nations.
3. Above two are also implied under fiduciary responsibility of corporations, a status the CDC will happily preserve for as long as we, the people permit.

[matrix reinvented]

A few drops of 3% "food grade" hydrogen peroxide in each ear.

10g of organic, "real deal" vitamin C, daily intake.

Collidial Silver.

Fine quality pro-biotic supplement and 5000-6000 IU vitamin D spray under the tongue.

This is what I'll be taking if this shit really gets out of hand. 

I am no doctor

[p00k1e]

You are the weakest link, goodbye http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_KYjfYjk0Q

[paint it red ca...]

What, No Vitamin C enemas?

Your doomed......

[TweedleDeeDooDah]

No, certainly no fucking doctor, that's for sure...

[NuYawkFrankie]

re We BELIEVE There Is Scientific Evidence Ebola Has The POTENTIAL To Be Airborne

And Hillary has the POTENTIAL to be the next Miss Universe.

Now, if you're talking about the EBOLA SCARE SCAM having the POTENTIAL to be used as the excuse for a martial-law lock-down... well, that's another story.

[AgentScruffy]

If you read the full article, you'll see the doctors believe it is airborne now. ("Aerosol transmissible.") Of course it is. Common sense.

[Jorgen]

Ebola's "backup" in Arizona...

[bugs_]

Get to periscope depth.  Ventilate with outside air.
Aye, Captain.  Periscope depth!  Prepare to ventilate!
Ventilating won't do anything.  We've got to get them off.
...
Every surface of this ship's contaminated.  We've got to get the men off.

[Barnaby]

When you write it like that, Red October seems a little blue. Get the men off? Sounds like Ebama's last man-cation at Pebble Beach!

[americanspirit]

Urp. Cough. Sneeze. Fart. Sweat. Spit. Shit. Whiz.

It's all good to go.

[HardlyZero]

Liquidity no problem.

[RabbitOne]

If Ebola can go airborne… think about how many airplanes, with closed circulation systems, it has been on recently…

[Infinite QE]

No worries. Rabbi Chertof will get the contract to clean it up.

[IridiumRebel]

it's an interesting thing. Stuff on sites like Ebay where i have desired items have seen an extremely noticeable boost in interest. The stock picks like TKMR and LAKE have made me....happy. It feels good to be somewhat ahead of the herd, currently, but the direction things are going is worrisome. I had my desired items on ebay in a hope that they would never be needed. They may be needed. 

SIDEBAR: I saved my folk's ass last thursday when I proclaimed to GTFO of their loose stocks. I have saved them thousands so thanks to all for your sage advice in these troubling times.

[HardlyZero]

I tried over the weekend.  I also told them to sell the house at the top...before the population gets cut in half.

[One And Only]

IT'S AIRBORNE.

It's fucking obvious I just want to slap someone.

[silverer]

Yep. It's airborne. On lots of flights. Nothing done so far. Just don't interfere with people rushing to CA for free college.

[Wahooo]

Only a couple of people at work talking about this. Travel seems to be going on as usual.

[jomama]

If it is, it would be the very first virus we've ever found in human history of known viruses mutating to change their mode of transmission while maintaining it's toxicity.

[Wahooo]

So much for going downwind of wandering ebola walkers to protect your perimeter.

[Government need...]

Gonna have to expand my perimeter.  Fencing or kinetic activity. . . I just cant decide.

[Wahooo]

What's the best way of approaching the bodies to light them up with kerosene?

[One And Only]

NASA would have suits perfectly capable for healthcare workers to combat Ebola but REPUBLICANS had to cut funding.

-Any Liberal Obama Supporter

[silverer]

No, actually big O cut the funding. What does it matter? How many spacesuits in NASA inventory?

[roadhazard]

Congress cut the CDC budget in half.

[Tenshin Headache]

CDC is an easy target. Nobody sees their work until they're needed.

[HardlyZero]

Thought the lawsuits were just as effective.... (heh).

[IridiumRebel]

Thanks to Ofuckheadcare I'm covered....for an extra 3 grand a year.

[jacship]

CDC Director Tim Frieden is a political progressive that was in charge of breaking the tobacco industries in NYC

What would he know about ebola

what he's read

WHATS ALL FOLKS

[Government need...]

So who else has discovered that Comrade Frieden, i.e. Tariq D-ziz, is a perfect fade?

[pavel]

The article is dated Seotember 17.  It's old news, not breaking news.

[twh99]

I read the study WHO did that discovered that dogs can be carriers, but I was wondering about insects.  Can mosquitoes, ticks or fleas carry ebola?

[kumquatsunite]

One would consider that if there was blood from someone else still inside of a mosquito and they come and bite you that there is a possibility of a reverse transfer of that to you as they take your blood up. As much as I think the Red Cross does great work, I decided against giving blood when I was told they reuse the tubing that is used to remove the blood. Now, of course, they have it cleaned but my natural distrust of "lazy' and "short cutting on a bad day" humans, disallows me from giving blood based on that reuse. 

It is interesting that ebola is virtually endemic in the "hot zones" of Africa where they believe it is being carried by the bats, the cane rats, and possibly even the pigs. Urine, particularly from those who stand to urinate (cha!) has aerosol spray, which is causing concern. They are looking at pigs as pigs have very heavy urine streams and because they live so close to humans in Africa, this may also be a problem.

[AgentScruffy]

Per WHO, "Viruses that cause haemorrhagic fevers are transmitted by mosquitoes (dengue, yellow fever, RVF), ticks (CCHF), rodents (Hantavirus, Lassa) or bats (Ebola, Marburg). For Ebola and Marburg viruses, humans have been infected from contact with tissues of diseased non-human primates (monkeys and apes) and other mammals, but most human infections have resulted from direct contact with the body fluids or secretions of infected patients."  http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/haemorrhagicfevers/en

So lay off the bat soup.

[robnume]

Don't freak, everyone. It says non-human primates will be okay, so that means CONgress and all of the USSA bureau and agency personnel will be just fine.

[JohninMK]

Everyone should read this wordpress link. http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/

Then keep reading down the thread. Some samples below. Then wonder what exactly is going on.

How about new Ebola cases falling like a stone in Liberia? http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/liberian-county-records-massi...

How about Formaldeyde in Water Allegedly Causing Ebola-like Symptoms

How about http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/2014/10/11/liberias-largest-newspaper-eb...

How did Briton die with no contact with Africa  http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/7698/

The main test is suspect says the inventor of it http://jonrappoport.wordpress.com/2014/10/06/the-ebola-test-let-the-test...

[silverer]

How about we just do a body count in five years?

[Zymurguy]

This is the point in which I hope our military personnel will stand up and say "NO!" followed by a military and civilian takover of the central government.  It's time to refresh the tree of liberty.

[Radar O'Riley]

What point are you talking about? Two cases of Ebola in the U.S.?

Yes, let's surrender two and a quarter centuries of representative government because Ebola? Are you crazy?

[boodles]

Really?  You trust the military?  No way.  I want the PEOPLE to rise up and revolt against their leaders.  VOTE OUT ALL INCUMBENTS.

[shovelhead]

Really? You trust the people?

90% of them are Walmartians.

[Radical Marijuana]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnQVUf775VE

Ebola - What You're Not Being Told

StormCloudsGathering published that information about ebola being airborne back on  July 31, 2014. As many previous comments above have pointed out, that was always a good guess.

The world is REALLY controlled by deeply entrenched systems of legalized lies, backed by legalized violence. Therefore, attempts to present rational evidence and logical arguments have no effect upon those REAL systems. We live in a society almost totally dominated by ENFORCED FRAUDS, and therefore, that is context in which the Ebola Epidemic is developing.

ALWAYS FIRST ON THE LIST OF THE MOST PROBABLE FUTURE MEGA-DISASTERS WAS PLAGUE SPREADING THROUGH A HUMAN ECOLOGY WHICH WAS CONTROLLED BY LIES BACKED BY VIOLENCE, SO MUCH, FOR SO LONG, AS TO MAKE SUCH EPIDEMICS THOROUGHLY POSSIBLE TO HAPPEN, WHILE IMPOSSIBLE TO PREVENT.

[brombones]

I've known about this terrible African virus for some time now. Good thing he's only got two years left in office.

[bardot63]

Thanks for that one !

[Corrupt Deity]

Well, I have decided not to worry so much and instead learn to love Ebola. Embrace it if you will... Just as soon as I can find me a carrier, I am gonna stick my tongue down her/his/it's throat. That outta do it.

[dizzyfingers]

http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/

Rhinovirus, also spread by coughing, sneezing!!

What child doesn't know this?

[seek]

Wow, pretty trippy. I tuned on the radio for the first time in years, curious about what was being said about ebola on radio news.

They were reading this ZH article on the air.

[HardlyZero]

Just don't try to relax and "sit down"....

on any warm moist foam seats anywhere: airlines, airports, trains, trainstations, cars, doctor's office, hospitals...BestBuy's, restaurants, and ER's.

[disabledvet]

70% of ALL DOCTORS have said air travel must be halted immediately.

"Dr" Friedman is Dr Frankenstein. The President is looking like Igor here as well. Or is it Eyegore?

Seriously...airline and hotel stocks got INCINERATED today.

[seek]

You know, I closed my "real" office 13 years ago and dedicated part of my house to my business, and times like this, the '08 collapse, etc just underscores what a great move it was.

Kill off your fixed costs and live/work in your home/bunker, and minimize expenses/debt load and life if pretty nice. I don't miss going to most of the places on your list!

[MsCreant]

The year we brought my husband home he got a big raise that year (or the ability to see fewer clients). Rent, power, phones, even insurance for vehicles goes down. I work a lot from home too so we get to spend a good bit of time together. We are spoiled, it is great! If you care about the environment, that is a win there as well. I walk to work. We do not put much mileage on a car at all. Fuel consumption, time spent in traffic, the list of positives goes on and on. Congrats to you for your wisdom and willingness to take the chance that it might not work (there is a period of worry to work through).

[Duc888]

javship: CDC Director Tim Frieden is a political progressive that was in charge of breaking the tobacco industries in NYC

What would he know about ebola

what he's read

WHATS ALL FOLKS

Just one more walking, talking anus shit bag that is a fedgov werker.

[disabledvet]

About as much as Rahm Emannual knows about healthcare.

" we're crazy Jews! Eeeee haw!"

[redwater]

The Ebolas are just immigrants looking for a better life in America.

[dizzyfingers]

This country is hopeless. Our "leaders" are stupider than some (much?) of the population. IOW monkeys are in charge and run elections only for their amusement. Now they've decided they don't need us for voting....they've brought in other pawns, so not only are we expendable but the monkeys know their predations are recognized by growing numbers of US citizens.

[tony wilson]

snap out of it apes.

Ebola Hoax: 100% REVEALED! CNN + NYT caught using CRISIS ACTORS!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZonCVRQ-2s

ebpla info good

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Of97tgG6RRo

From Ghana: Ebola is not real and the only people who have gotten sick are those who have received treatments and injections from the Red Cross

http://www.jimstonefreelance.com/

[Silver Bullet]

go away

[tony wilson]

where?

how about i cum over

your dog of a wife : )

[Thanatos]

Shhhh...

Children are sleeping.

They won't wake 'til they hear the ring of the Tavistock bell.

[HardlyZero]

About 70 hospital staffers cared for Ebola patient

http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_EBOLA_HOSPITAL_STAFF?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2014-10-13-18-45-19

[Sid James]

About 70 hospital staffers cared for Ebola patient
 

DALLAS (AP) - They drew his blood, put tubes down his throat and wiped up his diarrhea. They analyzed his urine and wiped saliva from his lips, even after he had lost consciousness.

About 70 staff members at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital were involved in the care of Thomas Eric Duncan after he was hospitalized, including a nurse now being treated for the same Ebola virus that killed the Liberian man who was visiting Dallas, according to medical records his family provided to The Associated Press.

[AgentScruffy]

Thomas Duncan lied by omission when he chose to not tell the ER staff (the first time) that he had very close contact with a late-stage Ebola victim. The pregant woman he carried was "bleeding profusely from the mouth" according to a neighbor. He knew. He came to the United States for health care, not concerned about who he infected. The ER staff had no chance to don protective gear that first time (when he was already contagious).

Which is why the behavior of Jesse Jackson and nephew Josephus Weeks is so repugnant and vile. Thomas Duncan didn't have a chance because he was "black" says his nephew. No, Thomas Duncan didn't have a chance because he behaved unwisely by handling an Ebola patient with no effort to don protective gear. His action is deemed "generous" by CNN and NPR. It's "generous" to be foolhardy and expose hundreds to the virus? Really?

By contrast, this young nursing student is the definition of "courageous" and "generous" --she worked with what she had to save 3 family members from Ebola, creating a "DIY" set up, using garbage bags. Being "generous" does not preclude being wise and acting in concert with reality.

Seems Jesse Jackson is pretty quiet all of a sudden. I guess the reality of Thomas Duncan's actions--recklessly putting so many others, of all ethnicities, at risk of an agonizing death-- is putting a real crimp in Jackson's "shakedown" tour. (As though the millions spent already on Duncan's folly, isn't enough).

[fibonacci's claus]

why didn't they just re-fuel that u.a.e flight that landed in boston and send it back???  and how do ebola infected arabs who have never been to west africa get ebola in the first place?  something stinks in dane-mark. 

if it aint airborne then why the gas masks???  we've all seen outbreak, anyone working with ebola needs air tight suits with respirators.  this is bio warfare and the .gov is obviously covering up imho. 

why start a panic when you can just keep the borders open and keep the flights coming in and just kill off anyone who doesn't like it, right??? 

MSM is saying 8% of americans trust the .gov, that sounds like civil war to me

[fredquimby]

Only 8% of Americans have a passport.

[Sizzurp]

The time to shelter in place for several months is approaching.  It may be 6-12 months away, but it's getting closer and closer.  Serious economic damage is about to happen, and the markets clearly sense it. Ebola may be the ultimate black swan.

[Radar O'Riley]

Why wait? Shelter in place now. And don't let the dog out either. Wrap your double-wide in plastic - it keeps out Anthrax too. 

The Black Swan has already appeared at the Sizzurp household: who knew how toxic large quantities of high fructose corn syrup could be. Is public education (I'm guessing you went to public school) in this country really as deficient as you make it appear? Tell your boss, if you have one, that you can't make it in to work because you have to shelter in place. Of course you do. 

Good god, how many arrested development, dim-witted "libertarians" are just dying to "shelter in place"? Don't let the normal world deter you. Do it now.

[IridiumRebel]

Member 12 weeks. He may be a little overboard, but the fact is that being prepared is a smart move. I went through Sandy and it was a vacation from some basic steps. Ever seen a fight in a line for 5 gallons of gas? I have. His reaction is rippling and being mimicked by many. I hear Ebola convos on the street now. You'd be wise to pay heed , but no need to freak out....yet.

[AgentScruffy]

It's a possibility. Google government directives on flu pandemics. They recommend the same thing; social isolation and  businesses shifting to telework. Even the Washington Post wrote that for some officials they "Their imaginations were unequal to the virulence of the pathogen." Creative thinking is good, as long as it's not anxiety-driven. Those with a gift of planning for multiple contingencies will focus on "What needs to be done?" (action).

While it's not currently an active threat for most people, the problem is the exponential math, and the fact you have to not only keep an eye on the virus but also consider the factor of other people's behavior. (E.g. driving up prices on stuff you may want, that could become expensive, unaffordable, or unavailable.) That said, I'm also in favor of the KISS approach: keep your preps simple.

I think it's wise to have savings in case you wind up wanting to move (e.g. Ebola shows up in your apt. complex).

[Super Hans]

Any good news? If this divorce does not kill me I'm home free!

[williambanzai7]

Sorry, there is no money available. We are using it all to build drones.