Submitted by William C Martel, via The National Interest blog [10],
Two weeks ago, the Syrian regime reportedly ordered the use of chemical weapons, which U.S. sources state killed over 1400 people. Over one year ago, President Obama declared that any movement or use of chemical weapons would cross a “redline.”
Right from the start, officials in the Obama White House assured the public that any decision to use force against Syria would not be designed to impose regime change. Why would the administration take such an option off the table?
As strategists and policymakers have understood since time immemorial, any decision to use military force must be guided by a strategy. If Washington’s strategy is to stop Assad from using chemical weapons, demonstrate that America is committed to enforcing this international norm, and undermine states that support such atrocious actions, regime change remains the critical instrument for the United States. In fact, all other options are highly susceptible to failure.
To be precise, any American decision to use military force should be guided by three objectives.
First, prevent further use of chemical weapons while demonstrating that the United States is committed to enforcing this norm.
Second, weaken the regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad while accelerating the rise of moderate opposition groups in Syria.
Third, undermine the influence of Syria’s principal geopolitical patrons, Russia and Iran, whose actions directly support Assad’s decision to gas his own people.
While policymakers shy away from regime change, the threat of regime change directly supports each of these objectives. I would argue further that the United States cannot accomplish these strategic objectives unless it is willing to invoke regime change. The failure to invoke regime change will embolden Assad to ride out any U.S. attacks. Assad as well as leaders in Iran and North Korea likely will conclude that any U.S. “shot across the bow” or “pinprick strikes” will be no more than a momentary inconvenience—a “speeding ticket” on the way to developing and using weapons of mass destruction.
What Do We Mean by Regime Change?
Since the invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, the concept of regime change has been much maligned—and grossly misunderstood. Many policymakers and commentators herald it as the ultimate form of imperial power, which occurs when states seek to impose their form of government on others. The parallel conclusion, which is deeply ingrained in the conventional wisdom, is that any states so bold as to impose regime change with military force are likely to find themselves engulfed in a quagmire. By this logic, Afghanistan and Iraq are exhibits one and two for the prosecution.
Facing Syria’s actions, policymakers need much greater clarity about regime change if they are to protect the United States and its allies.
First, strictly speaking, regime change is no more than the policy of deliberately removing a government by force. This may involve a military invasion that removes a government’s political and military leaders. Regime change can extend to installing a new government, which ideally will be supportive of the policies and interests of the state imposing regime change. The case of Iraq in 2003 is the best modern example of regime change.
While regime change may be imposed by force, yet another form of regime change is to encourage the members of the society, after removing their government, to take matters into their own hands. The hope is that they will design and build their own form of government.
These modern ideas about regime change are, frankly, far too limited. There are more effective forms of regime change available to policymakers, which are directly relevant to helping the U.S. deal with Syria. Rather than taking it off the table, policymakers need to understand that regime change exists in more useful forms.
First, regime change does not require a military invasion. One could, for example, take actions, including military strikes and covert actions, which undermine the regime’s credibility while encouraging moderate forces within the state to exert greater political control, emboldening them to oppose the regime.
Regime change can involve a strategic, moral, or political imperative to remove the government based on the view that the regime’s actions constitute a threat to another state or to the international community.
In the case of Syria, the central problem for U.S. policymakers is that their understanding of the theory and practice of regime change was distorted by our experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan. The conventional wisdom among policymakers is that regime change, which is slightly repugnant morally because it removes a government, carries extraordinary risks of plunging the state into quagmires—notably, civil wars fought along sectarian (religious) lines.
It is absolutely critical for policymakers pondering whether and how to use military force against the government of President al-Assad to refresh their thinking. To be blunt, they need to unburden themselves of this intellectual and moral baggage that surrounds and wrongly informs current thinking about regime change. We need to divorce ourselves from the Iraq and Afghanistan experience and realize Syria is its own unique situation.
What Regime Change Achieves
Regime change is an important instrument of policy whose value rests directly on its ability to persuade the leadership of a regime that their policies and actions put them personally at risk. To succeed, the threat of regime change must pose a direct threat to the leadership of a state, on multiple levels.
First, the prospect of regime change is designed, ultimately, to change behavior. In the case of Syria, the United States and its partners seek to stop President Assad from using chemical weapons.
Second, the threat of regime change is designed to put Syria’s leadership at risk. It is essential for leaders to know that they are the direct target of an attack, including Assad himself. Rather than using military force to destroy military targets, which will kill military personnel and likely produce civilian casualties (recalling that authoritarian regimes purposely put military targets next to such humanitarian facilities as hospitals, mosques, etc.), there is a better strategy. The point is to make Syria’s leadership personally responsible for their actions. By intent, it is designed to signal to the leadership that their actions are unacceptable. Ultimately, it seeks to dissuade the leadership in this case from using chemical weapons or slaughtering civilians.
In the case of Syria, the use of U.S. military force should be designed to persuade President Assad that his personal safety, indeed his life, is on the line because of attacks with chemical weapons. But this is not confined simply to the leader of Syria—it applies with equal force to all of Syria’s political and military leadership. The prospect of regime change whereby the United States might seek to destroy Assad and his regime is designed to instill the fear that he and his people will be killed for participating in earlier decisions to use chemical weapons. This is known as punishment.
Third, the instrument of regime change, if properly designed and implemented, has effects that go far beyond events in Syria. The actions of Syria cannot be viewed in a microcosm. It is able to engage in such actions because it receives support from other states, principally Russia and Iran.
The instrument of regime change is designed to undermine the relationship with and support from the state’s allies and supporters. In the case of Syria, military attacks that threaten, or simply leave open the prospect of, regime change are designed to demonstrate to Assad and his cohort in Damascus that neither Russia nor Iran can protect them. Pushing this logic further, the prospect of regime change will help to undermine the credibility of Russia and Iran as patrons of authoritarian regimes that willingly kill their own people with chemical weapons. View this as a geostrategic “bonus” from the instrument of regime change.
To put this action into a broader context, regime change is not a strategy; it is an instrument of a strategy to stop the future use of chemical weapons.
Fourth, leaving the prospect of regime change on the table will have two salutary effects. It will reinforce the norm that using chemical weapons is unacceptable because it puts the regime at risk of being destroyed. And it demonstrates visibly and powerfully, the credibility of the United States. When U.S. leaders make threats or issue redlines, the rest of the world will know that those warnings are credible, while Washington’s commitment to friends, allies, and adversaries alike is reliable. View this as regaining the moral high ground on “redlines.”
Finally, with Syria embroiled in a brutal civil war, the prospect of regime change not only allows the United States to put an end to the use of chemical weapons, which are contrary to international law and America’s national interests. It also puts the disposition of Syria’s civil war in the hands of the Syrian people. In effect, the threat of regime change puts the various factions in the society in charge of events.
Why Regime Change Remains a Critical Option for the U.S.
The threat of using military force against Syria must focus on destroying the regime of President Assad, for several reasons.
First, the threat of regime change is designed to deter Assad from using chemical weapons. It is essential for the United States to reaffirm the norm that using chemical weapons is wrong, is immensely dangerous, poses a direct threat to U.S. and international security, and will be dealt with harshly.
Second, the prospect of regime change is designed, simply, to get Assad to focus on his own survival, and to use that fear to change his behavior. Nothing so focuses the mind, loosely quoting the Englishman John Donne, as the prospect of being hanged in a fortnight.
Third, the critical instrument of policy is to create fear in Assad’s mind—the fear that today, tomorrow, next month, just about anytime, or maybe never—a precision-guided munition will end his life. As we learned in fighting against Al Qaeda, it is vastly more difficult for terrorists to plan attacks when they constantly worry about being killed. We also want to amplify the fear in Assad’s mind that arises from the element of surprise. Why create certainty in Syria about what America will do when uncertainty reinforces our core strategy and weakens Assad? The less Assad and his people know about what the U.S. plans the better.
Fourth, it is essential to undermine support from Russia and Iran for Syria. A central objective of U.S. policy must be to demonstrate that these authoritarian patrons of another authoritarian state are unreliable allies. The long-term benefits of identifying Russia and Iran’s leadership as untrustworthy supporters will pay immense dividends by making the world safer and more secure.
Fifth, the threat of regime change demonstrates vividly the deeply personal costs to government leaders if they order the use of chemical weapons. It will reaffirm the U.S. commitment to the norm, which holds that civilized states do not use such weapons of warfare against their own innocent men, women and children.
In the end, the failure to put the instrument of regime change on the table demonstrates a lack of resolve, commitment, or weakness—all of which will be interpreted by friend and foe alike as acquiescence in the face of states using chemical weapons.
U.S. Needs New Model of Regime Change
Why, you ask, is it time to think seriously about regime change?
Regime change puts the onus of responsibility directly on Syria’s President Assad. The threat of regime change alone may persuade Assad to stop these attacks. Better yet, it may embolden moderate rebels (with appropriate assistance from the West) to defeat the Syrian government—and weaken the influence of Russia and Iran.
For now, I urge policymakers to forget everything they have learned about regime change. Forget about regime change in terms of using U.S. military forces to invade a country, change its government and build a new government with boots on the ground, and assume all responsibility for the future of Syria—including the prospect of a sectarian civil war in which many Americans would die if policymakers were to put forces in Syria. Fundamentally, we need to move beyond this post-Iraq, post-Afghanistan “old think.”
In the end, the reckless decision to use chemical weapons against the Syrian people provides four perfect opportunities: undermine a dangerous regime, reinforce the norm of not using chemical weapons, undermine states such as Russia and Iran whose policies are making matters worse, and ultimately do the right thing for the international community and the United States.
By employing the regime-change option, the U.S. and its allies can stop the dithering that signals their indecision. It is not becoming of the world’s sole remaining superpower to be showing a lack of resolve.
Ultimately, using military force to weaken and change the regime has the principal benefit of removing President Assad while allowing the Syrian people to work out the future of their state - however that evolves.
Simply stated, the best option for the United States is to keep regime change on the table.