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CIDRAP: "We Believe There Is Scientific Evidence Ebola Has The Potential To Be Airborne"
When CDC Director Tim Frieden first announced, just a week ago and very erroneously, that he was "confident we will stop Ebola in its tracks here in the United States", he hardly anticipated facing the double humiliation of not only having the first person-to-person transmission of Ebola on US soil taking place within a week, but that said transmission would impact a supposedly protected healthcare worker. He certainly did not anticipate the violent public reaction that would result when, instead of taking blame for another epic CDC blunder, one which made many wonder if last night's Walking Dead season premier was in fact non-fiction, he blamed health workers for "not following protocol."
And yet, while once again casting scapegoating and blame, the CDC sternly refuses to acknowledge something others, and not just tingoil blog sites, are increasingly contemplating as a distinct possibility: namely that Ebola is, contrary to CDC "protocol", in fact airborne. Or as, an article posted by CIDRAP defines it, "aerosolized."
Who is CIDRAP? "The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP; "SID-wrap") is a global leader in addressing public health preparedness and emerging infectious disease response. Founded in 2001, CIDRAP is part of the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota."
The full punchline from the CIDRAP report:
We believe there is scientific and epidemiologic evidence that Ebola virus has the potential to be transmitted via infectious aerosol particles both near and at a distance from infected patients, which means that healthcare workers should be wearing respirators, not facemasks.
In other words, airborne. And now the search for the next LAKE, i.e., a public company maker of powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR), begins.
Here is the full note: we hope the CDC will take the time to read it.
Health workers need optimal respiratory protection for Ebola
Today's commentary was submitted to CIDRAP by the authors, who are national experts on respiratory protection and infectious disease transmission. In May they published a similar commentary on MERS-CoV. Dr Brosseau is a Professor and Dr Jones an Assistant Professor in the School of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Healthcare workers play a very important role in the successful containment of outbreaks of infectious diseases like Ebola. The correct type and level of personal protective equipment (PPE) ensures that healthcare workers remain healthy throughout an outbreak—and with the current rapidly expanding Ebola outbreak in West Africa, it's imperative to favor more conservative measures.
The precautionary principle—that any action designed to reduce risk should not await scientific certainty—compels the use of respiratory protection for a pathogen like Ebola virus that has:
- No proven pre- or post-exposure treatment modalities
- A high case-fatality rate
- Unclear modes of transmission
We believe there is scientific and epidemiologic evidence that Ebola virus has the potential to be transmitted via infectious aerosol particles both near and at a distance from infected patients, which means that healthcare workers should be wearing respirators, not facemasks.1
The minimum level of protection in high-risk settings should be a respirator with an assigned protection factor greater than 10. A powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) with a hood or helmet offers many advantages over an N95 filtering facepiece or similar respirator, being more protective, comfortable, and cost-effective in the long run.
We strongly urge the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to seek funds for the purchase and transport of PAPRs to all healthcare workers currently fighting the battle against Ebola throughout Africa—and beyond.
There has been a lot of on-line and published controversy about whether Ebola virus can be transmitted via aerosols. Most scientific and medical personnel, along with public health organizations, have been unequivocal in their statements that Ebola can be transmitted only by direct contact with virus-laden fluids2,3 and that the only modes of transmission we should be concerned with are those termed "droplet" and "contact."
These statements are based on two lines of reasoning. The first is that no one located at a distance from an infected individual has contracted the disease, or the converse, every person infected has had (or must have had) "direct" contact with the body fluids of an infected person.
This reflects an incorrect and outmoded understanding of infectious aerosols, which has been institutionalized in policies, language, culture, and approaches to infection control. We will address this below. Briefly, however, the important points are that virus-laden bodily fluids may be aerosolized and inhaled while a person is in proximity to an infectious person and that a wide range of particle sizes can be inhaled and deposited throughout the respiratory tract.
The second line of reasoning is that respirators or other control measures for infectious aerosols cannot be recommended in developing countries because the resources, time, and/or understanding for such measures are lacking.4
Although there are some important barriers to the use of respirators, especially PAPRs, in developing countries, healthcare workers everywhere deserve and should be afforded the same best-practice types of protection, regardless of costs and resources. Every healthcare worker is a precious commodity whose well-being ensures everyone is protected.
If we are willing to offer infected US healthcare workers expensive treatments and experimental drugs free of charge when most of the world has no access to them, we wonder why we are unwilling to find the resources to provide appropriate levels of comparatively less expensive respiratory protection to every healthcare worker around the world.
How are infectious diseases transmitted via aerosols?
Medical and infection control professionals have relied for years on a paradigm for aerosol transmission of infectious diseases based on very outmoded research and an overly simplistic interpretation of the data. In the 1940s and 50s, William F. Wells and other "aerobiologists" employed now significantly out-of-date sampling methods (eg, settling plates) and very blunt analytic approaches (eg, cell culturing) to understand the movement of bacterial aerosols in healthcare and other settings. Their work, though groundbreaking at the time, provides a very incomplete picture.
Early aerobiologists were not able to measure small particles near an infectious person and thus assumed such particles existed only far from the source. They concluded that organisms capable of aerosol transmission (termed "airborne") can only do so at around 3 feet or more from the source. Because they thought that only larger particles would be present near the source, they believed people would be exposed only via large "droplets" on their face, eyes, or nose.
Modern research, using more sensitive instruments and analytic methods, has shown that aerosols emitted from the respiratory tract contain a wide distribution of particle sizes—including many that are small enough to be inhaled.5,6 Thus, both small and large particles will be present near an infectious person.
The chance of large droplets reaching the facial mucous membranes is quite small, as the nasal openings are small and shielded by their external and internal structure. Although close contact may permit large-droplet exposure, it also maximizes the possibility of aerosol inhalation.
As noted by early aerobiologists, liquid in a spray aerosol, such as that generated during coughing or sneezing, will quickly evaporate,7 which increases the concentration of small particles in the aerosol. Because evaporation occurs in milliseconds, many of these particles are likely to be found near the infectious person.
The current paradigm also assumes that only "small" particles (less than 5 micrometers [mcm]) can be inhaled and deposited in the respiratory tract. This is not true. Particles as large as 100 mcm (and perhaps even larger) can be inhaled into the mouth and nose. Larger particles are deposited in the nasal passages, pharynx, and upper regions of the lungs, while smaller particles are more likely to deposit in the lower, alveolar regions. And for many pathogens, infection is possible regardless of the particle size or deposition site.
It's time to abandon the old paradigm of three mutually exclusive transmission routes for a new one that considers the full range of particle sizes both near and far from a source. In addition, we need to factor in other important features of infectivity, such as the ability of a pathogen to remain viable in air at room temperature and humidity and the likelihood that systemic disease can result from deposition of infectious particles in the respiratory system or their transfer to the gastrointestinal tract.
We recommend using "aerosol transmissible" rather than the outmoded terms "droplet" or "airborne" to describe pathogens that can transmit disease via infectious particles suspended in air.
Is Ebola an aerosol-transmissible disease?
We recently published a commentary on the CIDRAP site discussing whether Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, especially in healthcare settings. We drew comparisons with a similar and more well-studied disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
For Ebola and other filoviruses, however, there is much less information and research on disease transmission and survival, especially in healthcare settings.
Being at first skeptical that Ebola virus could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, we are now persuaded by a review of experimental and epidemiologic data that this might be an important feature of disease transmission, particularly in healthcare settings.
What do we know about Ebola transmission?
No one knows for certain how Ebola virus is transmitted from one person to the next. The virus has been found in the saliva, stool, breast milk, semen, and blood of infected persons.8,9 Studies of transmission in Ebola virus outbreaks have identified activities like caring for an infected person, sharing a bed, funeral activities, and contact with blood or other body fluids to be key risk factors for transmission.10-12
On the basis of epidemiologic evidence, it has been presumed that Ebola viruses are transmitted by contaminated hands in contact with the mouth or eyes or broken skin or by splashes or sprays of body fluids into these areas. Ebola viruses appear to be capable of initiating infection in a variety of human cell types,13,14 but the primary portal or portals of entry into susceptible hosts have not been identified.
Some pathogens are limited in the cell type and location they infect. Influenza, for example, is generally restricted to respiratory epithelial cells, which explains why flu is primarily a respiratory infection and is most likely aerosol transmissible. HIV infects T-helper cells in the lymphoid tissues and is primarily a bloodborne pathogen with low probability for transmission via aerosols.
Ebola virus, on the other hand, is a broader-acting and more non-specific pathogen that can impede the proper functioning of macrophages and dendritic cells—immune response cells located throughout the epithelium.15,16 Epithelial tissues are found throughout the body, including in the respiratory tract. Ebola prevents these cells from carrying out their antiviral functions but does not interfere with the initial inflammatory response, which attracts additional cells to the infection site. The latter contribute to further dissemination of the virus and similar adverse consequences far beyond the initial infection site.
The potential for transmission via inhalation of aerosols, therefore, cannot be ruled out by the observed risk factors or our knowledge of the infection process. Many body fluids, such as vomit, diarrhea, blood, and saliva, are capable of creating inhalable aerosol particles in the immediate vicinity of an infected person. Cough was identified among some cases in a 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo,11 and coughs are known to emit viruses in respirable particles.17 The act of vomiting produces an aerosol and has been implicated in airborne transmission of gastrointestinal viruses.18,19 Regarding diarrhea, even when contained by toilets, toilet flushing emits a pathogen-laden aerosol that disperses in the air.20-22
Experimental work has shown that Marburg and Ebola viruses can be isolated from sera and tissue culture medium at room temperature for up to 46 days, but at room temperature no virus was recovered from glass, metal, or plastic surfaces.23 Aerosolized (1-3 mcm) Marburg, Ebola, and Reston viruses, at 50% to 55% relative humidity and 72°F, had biological decay rates of 3.04%, 3.06%. and 1.55% per minute, respectively. These rates indicate that 99% loss in aerosol infectivity would occur in 93, 104, and 162 minutes, respectively.23
In still air, 3-mcm particles can take up to an hour to settle. With air currents, these and smaller particles can be transported considerable distances before they are deposited on a surface.
There is also some experimental evidence that Ebola and other filoviruses can be transmitted by the aerosol route. Jaax et al24 reported the unexpected death of two rhesus monkeys housed approximately 3 meters from monkeys infected with Ebola virus, concluding that respiratory or eye exposure to aerosols was the only possible explanation.
Zaire Ebola viruses have also been transmitted in the absence of direct contact among pigs25 and from pigs to non-human primates,26 which experienced lung involvement in infection. Persons with no known direct contact with Ebola virus disease patients or their bodily fluids have become infected.12
Direct injection and exposure via a skin break or mucous membranes are the most efficient ways for Ebola to transmit. It may be that inhalation is a less efficient route of transmission for Ebola and other filoviruses, as lung involvement has not been reported in all non-human primate studies of Ebola aerosol infectivity.27 However, the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems are not complete barriers to Ebola virus. Experimental studies have demonstrated that it is possible to infect non-human primates and other mammals with filovirus aerosols.25-27
Altogether, these epidemiologic and experimental data offer enough evidence to suggest that Ebola and other filoviruses may be opportunistic with respect to aerosol transmission.28 That is, other routes of entry may be more important and probable, but, given the right conditions, it is possible that transmission could also occur via aerosols.
Guidance from the CDC and WHO recommends the use of facemasks for healthcare workers providing routine care to patients with Ebola virus disease and respirators when aerosol-generating procedures are performed. (Interestingly, the 1998 WHO and CDC infection-control guidance for viral hemorrhagic fevers in Africa, still available on the CDC Web site, recommends the use of respirators.)
Facemasks, however, do not offer protection against inhalation of small infectious aerosols, because they lack adequate filters and do not fit tightly against the face.1 Therefore, a higher level of protection is necessary.
Which respirator to wear?
As described in our earlier CIDRAP commentary, we can use a Canadian control-banding approach to select the most appropriate respirator for exposures to Ebola in healthcare settings.29 (See this document for a detailed description of the Canadian control banding approach and the data used to select respirators in our examples below.)
The control banding method involves the following steps:
- Identify the organism's risk group (1 to 4). Risk group reflects the toxicity of an organism, including the degree and type of disease and whether treatments are available. Ebola is in risk group 4, the most toxic organisms, because it can cause serious human or animal disease, is easily transmitted, directly or indirectly, and currently has no effective treatments or preventive measures.
- Identify the generation rate. The rate of aerosol generation reflects the number of particles created per time (eg, particles per second). Some processes, such as coughing, create more aerosols than others, like normal breathing. Some processes, like intubation and toilet flushing, can rapidly generate very large quantities of aerosols. The control banding approach assigns a qualitative rank ranging from low (1) to high (4) (eg, normal breathing without coughing has a rank of 1).
- Identify the level of control. Removing contaminated air and replacing it with clean air, as accomplished with a ventilation system, is effective for lowering the overall concentration of infectious aerosol particles in a space, although it may not be effective at lowering concentration in the immediate vicinity of a source. The number of air changes per hour (ACH) reflects the rate of air removal and replacement. This is a useful variable, because it is relatively easy to measure and, for hospitals, reflects building code requirements for different types of rooms. Again, a qualitative ranking is used to reflect low (1) versus high (4) ACH. Even if the true ventilation rate is not known, the examples can be used to select an appropriate air exchange rate.
- Identify the respirator assigned protection factor. Respirators are designated by their "class," each of which has an assigned protection factor (APF) that reflects the degree of protection. The APF represents the outside, environmental concentration divided by the inside, facepiece concentration. An APF of 10 means that the outside concentration of a particular contaminant will be 10 times greater than that inside the respirator. If the concentration outside the respirator is very high, an assigned protection factor of 10 may not prevent the wearer from inhaling an infective dose of a highly toxic organism.
Practical examples
Two examples follow. These assume that infectious aerosols are generated only during vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, or similar high-energy emissions such as some medical procedures. It is possible that Ebola virus may be shed as an aerosol in other manners not considered.
Caring for a patient in the early stages of disease (no bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, etc). In this case, the generation rate is 1. For any level of control (less than 3 to more than 12 ACH), the control banding wheel indicates a respirator protection level of 1 (APF of 10), which corresponds to an air purifying (negative pressure) half-facepiece respirator such as an N95 filtering facepiece respirator. This type of respirator requires fit testing.
Caring for a patient in the later stages of disease (bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, etc). If we assume the highest generation rate (4) and a standard patient room (control level = 2, 3-6 ACH), a respirator with an APF of at least 50 is needed. In the United States, this would be equivalent to either a full-facepiece air-purifying (negative-pressure) respirator or a half-facepiece PAPR (positive pressure), but standards differ in other countries. Fit testing is required for these types of respirators.
The control level (room ventilation) can have a big effect on respirator selection. For the same patient housed in a negative-pressure airborne infection isolation room (6-12 ACH), a respirator with an assigned protection factor of 25 is required. This would correspond in the United States to a PAPR with a loose-fitting facepiece or with a helmet or hood. This type of respirator does not need fit testing.
Implications for protecting health workers in Africa
Healthcare workers have experienced very high rates of morbidity and mortality in the past and current Ebola virus outbreaks. A facemask, or surgical mask, offers no or very minimal protection from infectious aerosol particles. As our examples illustrate, for a risk group 4 organism like Ebola, the minimum level of protection should be an N95 filtering facepiece respirator.
This type of respirator, however, would only be appropriate only when the likelihood of aerosol exposure is very low. For healthcare workers caring for many patients in an epidemic situation, this type of respirator may not provide an adequate level of protection.
For a risk group 4 organism, any activity that has the potential for aerosolizing liquid body fluids, such as medical or disinfection procedures, should be avoided, if possible. Our risk assessment indicates that a PAPR with a full facepiece (APF = 50) or a hood or helmet (APF = 25) would be a better choice for patient care during epidemic conditions.
We recognize that PAPRs present some logistical and infection-control problems. Batteries require frequent charging (which requires a reliable source of electricity), and the entire ensemble requires careful handling and disinfection between uses. A PAPR is also more expensive to buy and maintain than other types of respirators.
On the other hand, a PAPR with a loose-fitting facepiece (hood or helmet) does not require fit testing. Wearing this type of respirator minimizes the need for other types of PPE, such as head coverings and goggles. And, most important, it is much more comfortable to wear than a negative-pressure respirator like an N95, especially in hot environments.
A recent report from a Medecins Sans Frontieres healthcare worker in Sierra Leone30 notes that healthcare workers cannot tolerate the required PPE for more than 40 minutes. Exiting the workplace every 40 minutes requires removal and disinfection or disposal (burning) of all PPE. A PAPR would allow much longer work periods, use less PPE, require fewer doffing episodes, generate less infectious waste, and be more protective. In the long run, we suspect this type of protection could also be less expensive.
Adequate protection is essential
To summarize, for the following reasons we believe that Ebola could be an opportunistic aerosol-transmissible disease requiring adequate respiratory protection:
- Patients and procedures generate aerosols, and Ebola virus remains viable in aerosols for up to 90 minutes.
- All sizes of aerosol particles are easily inhaled both near to and far from the patient.
- Crowding, limited air exchange, and close interactions with patients all contribute to the probability that healthcare workers will be exposed to high concentrations of very toxic infectious aerosols.
- Ebola targets immune response cells found in all epithelial tissues, including in the respiratory and gastrointestinal system.
- Experimental data support aerosols as a mode of disease transmission in non-human primates.
Risk level and working conditions suggest that a PAPR will be more protective, cost-effective, and comfortable than an N95 filtering facepiece respirator.
Acknowledgements
We thank Kathleen Harriman, PhD, MPH, RN, Chief, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Epidemiology Section, Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, and Nicole Vars McCullough, PhD, CIH, Manager, Global Technical Services, Personal Safety Division, 3M Company, for their input and review.
References
- Oberg L, Brosseau LM. Surgical mask filter and fit performance. Am J Infect Control 2008 May;36(4):276-82 [Abstract]
- CDC. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: transmission. 2014 Aug 13 [Full text]
- ECDC. Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa: third update, 1 August 2014. Stockholm: ECDC 2014 Aug 1 [Full text]
- Martin-Moreno JM, Llinas G, Hernandez JM. Is respiratory protection appropriate in the Ebola response? Lancet 2014 Sep 6;384(9946):856 [Full text]
- Papineni RS, Rosenthal FS. The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects. J Aerosol Med 1997;10(2):105-16 [Abstract]
- Chao CYH, Wan MP, Morawska L, et al. Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening. J Aerosol Sci 2009 Feb;40(2):122-33 [Abstract]
- Nicas M, Nazaroff WW, Hubbard A. Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens. J Occup Environ Hyg 2005 Mar;2(3):143-54 [Abstract]
- Bauchsch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, et al. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J Infect Dis 2007;196:S142-7 [Full text]
- Formenty P, Leroy EM, Epelboin A, et al. Detection of Ebola virus in oral fluid specimens during outbreaks of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Jun;42(11):1521-6 [Full text]
- Francesconi P, Yoti Z, Declich S, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Nov;9(11):1430-7 [Full text]
- Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, et al. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999 Feb;179:S87-91 [Full text]
- Roels TH, Bloom AS, Buffington J, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: risk factors for patients without a reported exposure. J Infect Dis 1999 Feb;179:S92-7 [Full text]
- Kuhl A, Hoffmann M, Muller MA, et al. Comparative analysis of Ebola virus glycoprotein interactions with human and bat cells. J Infect Dis 2011 Nov;204:S840-9 [Full text]
- Hunt CL, Lennemann NJ, Maury W. Filovirus entry: a novelty in the viral fusion world. Viruses 2012 Feb;4(2):258-75 [Full text]
- Bray M, Geisbert TW. Ebola virus: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005 Aug;37(8):1560-6 [Full text]
- Mohamadzadeh M, Chen L, Schmaljohn AL. How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2007 Jul;7(7):556-67 [Abstract]
- Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Thewlis RE, et al. Measurements of airborne influenza virus in aerosol particles from human coughs. PLoS One 2010 Nov 30;5(11):e15100 [Full text]
- Caul EO. Small round structured viruses: airborne transmission and hospital control. Lancet 1994 May 21;343(8908):1240-2 [Full text]
- Chadwick PR, Walker M, Rees AE. Airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. Lancet 1994 Jan 15;343(8890):171 [Full text]
- Best EL, Snadoe JA, Wilcox MH. Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination. J Hosp Infect 2012 Jan;80(1):1-5 [Full text]
- Gerba CP, Wallis C, Melnick JL. Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl Microbiol 1975 Aug;30(2):229-37 [Full text]
- Barker J, Jones MV. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J Appl Microbiol 2005;99(2):339-47 [Full text]
- Piercy TJ, Smither SJ, Steward JA, et al. The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol. J Appl Microbiol 2010 Nov;109(5):1531-9 [Full text]
- Jaax N, Jahrling P, Geisbert T, et al. Transmission of Ebola virus (Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory. Lancet 1995 Dec 23-30;346(8991-2):1669-71 [Abstract]
- Kobinger GP, Leung A, Neufeld J, et al. Replication, pathogenicity, shedding and transmission of Zaire ebolavirus in pigs. J Infect Dis 2011 Jul 15;204(2):200-8 [Full text]
- Weingartl HM, Embury-Hyatt C, Nfon C, et al. Transmission of Ebola virus from pigs to non-human primates. Sci Rep 2012;2:811 [Full text]
- Reed DS, Lackemeyer MG, Garza NL, et al. Aerosol exposure to Zaire Ebolavirus in three nonhuman primate species: differences in disease course and clinical pathology. Microb Infect 2011 Oct;13(11):930-6 [Abstract]
- Roy CJ, Milton DK. Airborne transmission of communicable infection—the elusive pathway. N Engl J Med 2004 Apr;350(17):1710-2 [Preview]
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- Wolz A. Face to face with Ebola—an emergency care center in Sierra Leone. (Perspective) N Engl J Med 2014 Aug 27 [Full text]
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ebolacare
DUH!
so much for blaming the nurse..
it was colonel mustard in the library with the candlestick!!!
But kidding asside...I think you're all going to die!
my fear amplifier goes to 11...
This is the kind of doom porn I can stand behind...
It includes plenty of useful tips!
this has been common knowledge on the frontline for weeks using a 98 dollar respirator affords you "some" protection but this is NOT at a CDC containment level....so frontline healthcare will bear the brunt of this if it goes to multiple cluster outbreaks here.
Best just to hire the ebola survivors with immunity for $10 bucks a day and save some money on the protective equipment.
P.S. When airborne ebola can travel up to 600 miles per hour...
The Emperor will not let the truth be known until AFTER elections!
Who makes UV masks... and UV HVAC installs?
http://phstones.com/mobile.php
Iraq: 'ISIS' bombings target Kurds, security, kills at least 58, plus senior police chief - VIDEO http://wtfrly.com/2014/10/13/iraq-isis-bombings-target-kurds-security-ki...
A friend of mine assured me....
medicinal marijuana would help fight the ebola pandemic.
(he later said it should help, somehow, but forgot why)
There is some conjecture that weed might stop cytokene storms. Seems kind of sketchy to me and is totally lacking in evidence, but if I wind up laying there, puking blood and bleeding out of my ass, why not get baked and at least go out happy?
Probably limited airborne transmission.
African case count too low for panic scenario.
Get on with preparing for this.
Shut-down the flights from Africa and secure the borders!
Potential to be airborne?
Hell, its been flying around on jets for weeks.
That's what clinches it: they WANT this thing to spread as widely as possible. The very least they could do would be to ground all outgoing flights. The call should have been made many days ago. A lot of people would still be alive if they had! This is BIOLOGICAL WARFARE and STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM.
The US uses passive economic warfare.
I'm sure they've thought of passive biological warfare.
But..., you told me it was OK to sit next to that guy as long as he wasn't spewing puss out his eyeballs...
Odd not a peep out of Repugnicans criticzing Barry... they should be all over this since most Merikans do NOT want these infected people flooding into the country.
Why don't the Rep say anything? Seems this would doom most Dems at mid-term election.
LONG ebola survivor blood...
Ebola is done. Canada saves planet. Ya it will fucking work.
http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/10/13/canadaian-ebola-vaccine-trial_n_...
"it's imperative to favor more conservative measures"
As a staunch liberal I oppose these measures.
This time, they surely aren't lying.
Never mind that they always lie. About everything. This time is different.
Be sure to line up for your vaccine.
You don't have to tell them...
They are begging for it already.
CNN/FOX/MSNBC/PBS/GOV told em to be real scared and want that shot bad.
When the give the shots out, it'll look like black friday at walmart (likely crewed by the same lot too).
Like one poster said (and others have repeated):
Did you take EbolaVAX?
Have you suffered from lazy eye, liver spots, brain bleed....
Call Monsantstien Law Firm...
Ya kinda like the Polio vaccine and how bad that was for everyone.
CDC keeps EBV in BSL4 containment.
If EBV didn't have the potential to be aerosolized, it wouldn't be kept there.
The inmates are running the insane asylum.
Edit: Their ignorance is overwhelming.
http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article2707328.html
AFAIK, the Polio Vaccine was contaminated with SV40 simian virus for years of its production and it caused numerous problems in millions of people.
It was quite a big deal, involved coverups, murders of researchers, etc.
Are you being sarcastic?
Some people believe in Vaccines and think they are for the greater good.
I'm not one of them.
I believe in the scientific principles behind vaccines and I think that they can work, but have serious reservations about the easter-eggs they leave in there for us.
Something rotten in Denmark I think.
I agree. This smells as bullshit-based as the Boston Bombing. The psychopaths wanted an excuse to move into West Africa. So a few more thousands of people die; who cares?
total bullshit...
i juuuuuust don't give a fuuuuucough cough cough eeeehhhrrrrrrrrgggggggggggg
Good comment.
What strikes me about this is how, with faked incidents, there was always some agenda, some new legislation, and the MSM harping on how the government needs to 'do something'.
Here we have a likely threat and there's no emergency legislation, no propagada campaign (other than "it's cool, don't worry about it").
Stinks to high heaven. and it makes me think that this threat, unlike terrorists, box cutters, shoe bombs, underwearh bombs, shampoo bombs, 30 round magazines, AR15s and pressure cookers, is the real deal.
The question is: why are they allowing this to happen and trying to keep everybody from doing something?
My answer: it's commerce. If the .gov valued human life more than money, they would tell the truth and Dallas might be able to stop this. But it would cost lost productivity and ultimately tax revenue. So the show must go on.
$ uber alles.
Form the article.... "The vacine could be sent to West Africa within months if it proves successful."
So, we are going to send the vacinne, if successful, to a place where everyine is already dead and keep it from from places a few people are still alive? Good plan.
Considering how many people with masks on are getting ebola, you would think that the continent of Africa would be dead by now.
I can't carry an 8oz. bottle of shampoo onto a plane, but someone from West Africa can bring on 180+ pounds of Ebola virus. FTW.
The Ethiopian variety is a lot thinner.
Then kiss your asses good bye, it's over for USA, we'll all be dead in what .... 6 mo, 12 mo?
I mean gosh, if the fearmongering here is right, we're all fucked.
No the math is about 158,000,000 infected in three years. Seemed pretty sound maths.....still not a good scenario.
Plenty of cheap housing. Everyone surviving will 'move up'.
Hence my comment the other day asking how long Ebola stays alive outside a host. Can you wait until it is safe to move in or do you need to burn the place to the ground?
Perhaps if 99.99% of the population is dead then that means you are immune.
Personally, I don't believe in good news. We already got empty foreclosed homes that no-one can live in. How convenient. Now they got an excuse. Expect all empty homes to be incinerated "just in case". The remaining stack of bricks will still be on sale for the bargain price of north of a million bucks. Now get back to work slave and pay off that mortgage.
PT..
i apologize about jumping your comment...
you had every right to ask, and it was a good question..
i was wrong...
now...
remember to stay out of a area with bodies in it...
because of the obvious...bodies
and inobvious...bugs!....and critters
they can get infected blood on you too!
because they will still eat the infected..
i remember seeing jackals in '91 to come "feast"
Thanks, it's all good. It is a very tricky question to ask. Very easy to interpret as evil profiteering and you can never tell what the other person is really thinking.
I guess, if you're trying to jump in your neighbour's house five minutes after he died, or even after half the city has died, then it is evil profiteering. That stuff belongs to the descendants of the dead as long as there is a chance they will show up. If 99.99% of your city has died and no-one has showed up after a year or two, then it is just getting on with your life with the resources available.
Then again, if the only survivors are going to be the JDs and Corzines of this world, I might just torch everything myself before I cough out my last breath. ;)
One thing I have learnt about the "evil" side of capitalism is that prices only go down as a last resort. If they can artificially create scarcity then they will. So that was another angle at which I was looking at the problem.
another angle...
you can survive trading...
people will trade all kinds of stuff for food, cigarettes (roll your owns), t.p. , coffee, and SUGAR!
where they get their stuff...well, i hope it was legit...
The water system relies on trucked in chlorine to keep it clean. When everyone is dead, water is probably going to be a big problem.
Numbers I've read go into the billions in 3 years... I hope you're right...
Simple exponential: If the cases double every 3 weeks then that means over 4 billion cases in 96 weeks and over 8 billion in 99 weeks, i.e total population of the earth.
But this assumes unlimited population and simple exponential function. I would not be surprised if the equation changes as the infestation approaches saturation. Plus I have not included any network effects. Isolation is your friend. And just one visitor can create trouble. At this point, a smarter person will have to fill in the details for you. Anyone out there?
For the love of God guys - as if they're not going to find a vaccine for ebola. zh drones on about ebola every gawddamn day, get over it already.
Real shitty for west africa but americans need to chill the fuck out.
They already have one: Ding-Dong!
http://www.crucell.com/R_AND_D_CLINICAL_DEVELOPMENT_EB.HTM
It supposedly works too.
Gee, I wonder if that's what they gave out troops before they sent them to Libera?
Yeah! We always find a cure before we get wiped out. Just ask the Incans. Or the Mayans.
Errr, don't ask me, I'm no historian. I'm just blabbering now.
Somebody's putting a lot of faith in a dual-citizen CDC director.
Me? Not so much.
A scientific study proved that pigs can transmit ebola to monkeys, but not monkey to monkey.
The difference is that pigs generate a lot of airborne wet particles - monkeys don't.
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/airborne-transmission-ebola-unlikely-monkey-study-shows
Ebola concentrates in the liver, not in the lungs.
If it mutates and concentrates in the lungs, and can figure out how to stay 'alive' in a dry form, then we are doomed.
Today we are not doomed.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottgottlieb/2014/09/03/can-ebola-go-airborne/
The belief that any government can keep people from getting sick is insane.
I didn't want to bring this up and cause a complete melt-down panic but...everyone knows Obama has been relocating Central American border crossers to all states without even notifying the governors or mayors...right?
But...its for the children ;-)
"The belief that any government can keep people from getting sick is insane."
Listen 735.
God will save "ALL"!
LISTEN!
i thought i banished back under the little rope (wannabe) bridge reserved for wannabe trolls...
you get a real bridge when you grow-up and become a real troll...
be gone!
have a nice day!
:)
source: https://web.archive.org/web/20121012155716/http://www.sunshine-project.org/
_________________
The Sunshine Project
News Release
19 September 2007
Ebola Error in Wisconsin Shows Lax Federal Biodefense Oversight
Similar Violations May be Undetected Elsewhere
In 2005 and into the summer of 2006, researchers at the University of Wisconsin at Madison (UW) made and manipulated copies of the entire Ebola virus genome without proper safety precautions. Although federal safety rules required a maximum protection Biosafety Level Four (BSL-4) lab for the research, UW allowed it to proceed at the much less safe and secure BSL-3 level. The rules that UW broke are intended to ensure that agents that are easily transmissible and usually incurable don't escape maximum containment. They prohibit working at BSL-3 with Ebola (and similarly dangerous) virus material that has not been rendered irreversibly incapable of reproducing. UW does not have a BSL-4 lab suitable for handling Ebola virus, which is one of the most dangerous pathogens in the world.
Despite the contrary provisions of the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules, permission for UW scientist Yoshihiro Kawaoka to perform the Ebola genome work at BSL-3 was granted by the University of Wisconsin Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC). This significant violation of NIH Guidelines was not detected in a timely manner by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or, apparently, by the CDC Select Agent Program staff that inspect the Kawaoka lab.
Ebola virus was first recognized in 1976 in Africa. It is one of the more dangerous pathogens on earth. It is transmitted from person to person and causes a deadly hemorrhagic fever. Most people who contract Ebola quickly die from the disease. Its gruesome progression has provided horrific grist for innumerable popular books and movies, such as "The Hot Zone". An Ebola outbreak currently underway in the Democratic Republic of Congo has claimed an estimated 170 lives.
(A sources section a the bottom of this news release provides links to more information.)
KEEPING EBOLA IN THE BSL-4: The degree of danger posed by the work at UW, which involved manipulation of full-length Ebola cDNAs (see "The Science" below) is scientifically debatable. Some might argue the work was not terribly unsafe, because the Ebola constructs were not used together with two critical proteins whose presence would trigger growth of virulent virus. Others would argue that it was irresponsible to handle complete DNA copies of a virus as deadly as Ebola at less than BSL-4 when the copies were capable of producing virulent virus. From a security standpoint, it may also be argued that it is inadvisable to facilitate access to the Ebola virus by distributing the means to produce it (i.e. the cDNAs) to facilities other than BSL-4 labs, which are fewer and have the strongest security measures in place.
OVERSIGHT FAILURE: The research was not halted until Kawaoka remarkably repeatedly pushed for permission to lower it to biosafety level two (BSL-2), which is used for diseases that are comparatively mild and easy to treat. Kawaoka's persistence in requesting the even lower BSL-2 standard prompted a UW official to consult with the National Institutes of Health, whereupon it was determined that UW did not have appropriate facilities and should never have approved the studies at all.
But the organization that was funding the research, which explicitly included precisely the activity that violated NIH rules, was none other than NIH itself. "NIH disapproved its own project," says Sunshine Project Director Edward Hammond, "but it wasn't stopped because NIH's left hand knew what the right was doing, it was essentially by chance and long after the project started." Says Hammond, "After of years of studying NIH's toothless enforcement of its own Guidelines, it is dismaying but not surprising that NIH's biodefense program was funding work that violates NIH's safety rules. The Guidelines have been an unenforced afterthought for years."
There are several troubling questions that remain:
1) Why did the Madison IBC approve the project in the first place?
2) Why doesn't the National Institutes of Health Office of Biotechnology Activities, which is supposed to oversee this work, have a system in place that detects such violations, especially when NIH is funding the work?
3) Why did the Centers for Disease Control apparently fail to identify the problem? The Kawaoka lab handles select agents and is thus subject to registry and inspection by CDC. Is not an inadequate lab experimenting with the complete means to produce Ebola something that CDC's Select Agent Program should identify and act upon?
Says Hammond, "NIH's Office of Biotechnology Activities has no idea what's going on in the labs it allegedly oversees. It is well-established that there is practically zero oversight under the NIH Guidelines and common knowledge that there is never any penalty for disobeying them."
CELEBRITY STANDARDS? The Kawaoka Lab is known for work on the bleeding edge of virology. It is a world of dangerous experiments with dangerous diseases, such as infecting monkeys with deadly agents. Daring lab workers frequently deal with diseases like 1918 influenza and - by protocol - preemptively pop Tamiflu like it was a breath mint. Engineering controls clearly don't seem to themselves inspire complete confidence. It is doubtful that many other virologists would gain institutional approval for some of the lab's practices or, for that matter, would be willing to routinely subject themselves to some of the lab's risks.
The lab is well funded with biodefense grants and is at once admired and controversial. In late 2004, UW and the University of Pittsburgh got into an unseemly bidding war over the scientist, offering up tens of millions of dollars in salaries, labs, people, and other public resources in packages more reminiscent of a MTV pop music star's concert rider than a college professor's salary contract.
"Pecking order means a lot in biology, in Madison and elsewhere, and Kawaoka is a big bird," says Hammond. The Sunshine Project would like to know if celebrity status caused UW to disregard the NIH Guidelines and lower safety and security standards: "If it had wanted to, was the IBC even realistically able to veto Kawaoka's research plans after the University had spent millions to keep him, blowing cash and political capital all the way to the governor's office? That these imbalanced situations exist at all is one good reason to make IBC compliance a matter of law instead of guideline."
SIMILAR RISK ELSEWHERE? In the course of researching this news release, the Sunshine Project identified a project at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana that may also be handling complete cDNAs for BSL-4 agents at lesser safety levels. In the Tulane case, Ebola is again involved, along with Lassa virus, another hemorrhagic fever virus with African origins.
Documentation available from Tulane, however, is imprecise. Minutes from the Tulane IBC state that the Garry Lab will have Lassa and Ebola cDNAs and that the researcher "could replicate it [the virus] if he wanted to", suggesting complete cDNAs at another lab with no BSL-4 containment. In Tulane's case, the US Army is providing the cDNAs.
The Sunshine Project asked the Tulane researchers and their supervisors for clarification about the research six times. Tulane officials refused to respond at all. The Sunshine Project then asked the NIH Office of Biotechnology Activities about the possibly noncompliant research. NIH didn't reply to questions either.
THE SCIENCE: Some viruses including Ebola have genetic code that is composed of RNA, rather than the DNA molecule that is the basis of heredity in higher organisms. In higher organisms, information from DNA is translated into RNA that then serves as a "messenger", directing what other parts of living cells do. RNA viruses lack the tools to copy themselves independently, and instead reproduce by hijacking normal DNA-RNA translation processes in cells.
For some RNA viruses, such as influenza, scientists (including the Kawaoka Lab) have developed so-called "reverse genetics" systems that take scientific advantage of how RNA viruses multiply. They have constructed DNA copies of the virus. When the DNA copies (called cDNAs, or "complimentary DNA") are allowed to reproduce under appropriate conditions, they will churn out RNA that is assembled into live virus. The systems allow scientists to "edit" the RNA virus by tweaking the cDNA that produces it. The effects of such genetic tweaks are not necessarily predictable, and may change the virus in ways that make it more or less dangerous. Viruses produced by reverse genetics may be used for research and vaccine purposes.
SOURCES:
IBC Minutes of both the University of Wisconsin at Madison and Tulane University can be downloaded from the Sunshine Project IBC Minutes archive at:
http://www.sunshine-project.org/ibc/archive.html
E-mail between Bruce Whitney of NIH OBA and Jan Klein of UW Madison, July and October 2006 (obtained under the Wisconsin Public Records Law):
http://www.sunshine-project.org/publications/pr/support/UWcDNAs.pdf
Molecular Basis for Ebola Virus Pathogenicity, NIAID grant to UW Madison's Yoshihiro Kawaoka, #1R01AI055519
Recombinant antigen assays for Lassa and other arenaviru [sic], NIAID grant to Tulane's Robert Garry, #1UC1AI067188
Summarie accessible here (search on the researcher's last name, with a relevant keyword, such as "Ebola"):
http://www.sunshine-project.org/crisper/crisper_basic_search.php
"Flight Lessons", an article from the University of Wisconsin Alumni Magazine concerning UW and Pitt's competition:
http://www.uwalumni.com/home/onwisconsin/archives/winter06/Yoshi.aspx
Too late, it's already in the lungs...
I take lactoferrin daily for its immune support.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin
Antiviral activity
Lactoferrin acts, mostly in vitro, on a wide range of human and animal viruses based on DNA and RNA genomes,[29] including the herpes simplex virus 1 and 2,[30][31] cytomegalovirus,[32] HIV,[31][33] hepatitis C virus,[34][35] hantaviruses, rotaviruses, poliovirus type 1,[36] human respiratory syncytial virus and murine leukemia viruses.[26]
The most studied mechanism of antiviral activity of lactoferrin is its diversion of virus particles from the target cells. Many viruses tend to bind to the lipoproteins of the cell membranes and then penetrate into the cell.[35] Lactoferrin binds to the same lipoproteins thereby repelling the virus particles. Iron-free apolactoferrin is more efficient in this function than hololactoferrin; and lactoferricin, which is responsible for antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin, shows almost no antiviral activity.[29]
Beside interacting with the cell walls, lactoferrin also directly binds to viral particles, such as the hepatitis viruses.[35] This mechanism is also confirmed by the antiviral activity of lactoferrin against rotaviruses,[26] which act on different cell types.
Lactoferrin also suppresses virus replication after the virus penetrated into the cell.[26][33] Such an indirect antiviral effect is achieved by affecting natural killer cells, granulocytes and macrophages – cells, which play a crucial role in the early stages of viral infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
+100..., drink your milk!
The time when even a cannabis atheist might be converted to God Bud:
http://www.medicalmarijuanastrains.com/god-bud/
In polite circles it's referred to as projectile leaky bottom
Because people are too lazy to get out of bed and spend all morning listening to dubstep and watching the Discovery Channel.
It helps because when you have a good buzz going you just want to stay inside and munchie, mon.
peace out
A joint a day keeps the Ebola away.
If healthcare workers should be wearing respirators, shouldn't hospital and clinic and urgent care receptionists be wearing respirators? The patient comes in when he is ill, the virus is aerosolized, patient interacts with receptionist...
This is what no one will address. The cheap bastards don't want to fork over (print, whatever) what is needed to have proper training and protection for everyone.
Is this what you boys and girls call tail risk and no one wants to hedge for it?
Most people don't realize that hospitals and medical centers also rely on just-in-time delivery of medical supplies. Meaning often they will not stock 'expensive' or little used items and instead rely upon quick delivery to provide it when needed. But if the entire country suddenly decides they need respirators..............
Unfortunately this applies to ALL Medical supplies, not just PPE. Contracts often tie us to single-source (or at best 2-3 source) supply, so if our supplier is also out of stock, what then?? (Happens with monotonous regularity).
Then - add in user-unfriendly and unreliable computer - based ordering systems (with no effective fallback provision for the times when the "system" fails to operate reliably), and the outcome (shortages at Ward and Department - level) is a foregone conclusion. This is during "normal" day to day operation. Think what will happen if an already less-than-reliable system becomes strained by "unplanned demand" (a favourite excuse).
It will be interesting for all the wrong reasons.
Whoo hoooo! Then we can Jew em on price! Phuck you America! We're the god damn phi king HEBES! All us JEW PHUXKS are PHUCKING YOU. Hahahahahahahahahahahahaha. Where's that phi king Polak Tom Keene? Get that phuck on the air right now and tell that merly mouth psycho to get Jew'in and get Jew'in now! Where's that other Bloomturd psycho? The phi king JEW one who JEWS OUT AT CBS? You tell that ungrateful phi I if Americans ain't dying in Jew Land in ten minutes HES DEAD. Puck that Jew too.
Have a nice day,
M Bloomberg.
Ps, PHUCK YOU TOO JEW YORK! Swear your oath to me personally...OR DIE!
Have a snickers...
What's wrong with this picture?
[Caption] Ebola virus A health worker examines patients for Ebola inside a screening tent, at the Kenema Government HospitalAP
Yes! It gets worse. If you need a respirator, you need fully enclosed biosafety 4 protection. If breath is contagious, as Egon would say, this is bad. You can contract Ebola if you touch sweat. So, you have to protect every square inch of you from breath to be safe. This explanation certainly would explain why this time is different and the unexplained transfers to people in protective equipment.
A very nice discussion of respiratory droplets in regards to infection control from the CDC.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143281/
and no sitting down on any warm moist foam seats anywhere: airlines, airports, trains, trainstations, cars, doctor's office, hospitals...BestBuy's, restaurants, and ER's.
Got the wrong attitude dude YesWeCanButt. You have to shoot them like they do on TV; before they come in.
The physics supporting aersolizing is straight forward to follow. Viruses are small and present in mucus and saliva. Sneezing and coughing expels saliva and mucus at high velocity rates (up to 39 mph. in a strong sneeze) in small droplets, some large enough to be seen. Some droplets remain in the air for a while before settling or evaporation. And when the droplets land on something, their liquids remain wet for some period of time before drying, and any viruses contained in that liquid can be transferred to anything touching that liquid. Distance achieved was 17 feet, for visible photographical particles. Smaller particles would slow quicker, but may not fall as quickly and may drift like a mist for a longer distance in swirling air currents.
See this slow motion video of sneeze particles, and distances achieved.
http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters/videos/slow-motion-sneezes...
It should be noted that the part of Africa affected is near the equator with stong sun and hotter temperatures as a result, and evaporation and natural sterilization of surfaces may occur more quickly there. In other cooler world areas especially prone to a cold and flu season, it could be a different dynamic.
All Aircraft cabin air is drawn through 5 stage compressor of engines heated to around 500 F prior to reintroducing to cabin. Is that enough to cause sterilization, given how many people get sick after flights probably not. Except aircrew are not sick all of the time so maybe some unknown factor.
Irrelevant. even if all the input cabin air is 100 % sterile, you still end up breathing the air that everyone else is coughing, sneezing, and farting into. That's a fact jack.
I wonder how far a ventilator will throw them?
Fucking Fear mongering. You know what all this fear mongering will cause - forced inoculation. Yep thats right. When they come to your house you will have 2 choices. Take the vaccine which will kill you slowly or be a man and fight. Fear mongering is going to do just that. You make it worse. Guess what, if a virus is airborne you are fucked anyway. If you check your mail and someone with ebola dripped sweat on the envelope and your finger touched it-you are fucked. There is a ton more scenarios we can cover.
The fact is you can not hide from any deadly airborne virus. You can not escape mother nature. Enjoy life because spreading fear is no different than the men behind curtains creating a crisis to provide the solution. Do not be part of their agenda and never buy into the hype. Everybody dies so get use to the only guarantee in life. Flame away because I am sure that is what will happen as ZH has changed. People who try to bring truth get banned,persecuted,tarred and feathered.
So...you're short LAKE?
Why, you are long?
Well above average but I am kind of humble.
:)
pods
The truth is that ebola as it currently presents itself is incapable of transmission outside of Africa EXCEPT with the assistance of incompetent elected officials and professional healthcare providers.
Nigeria population 173MM people.
20 confirmed ebola cases and 8 deaths.
No new patients for months and the country is now declared ebola-free.
Ebola can be beaten... just not by idiots...
Exactly, Ebola is a horrible virus but as you stated it can be beat. I can promise the FED will kill more people with its policies in 1 year than ebola worldwide.
This fear mongering causes people to panic. Well health workers are people who have emotions. If I want to destroy the health care system and reduce population, I will just cause fear using ebola as the root cause. This way doctors just do not show up to help people who really need care all because of fear. Population decreases due to improper health care.
Then lets look at ebola symptoms. Sure seems like they match flu symptoms. So everyone who goes into the doctors office with flu may get quarantined. They now have you by the balls. The government can force vaccinate anything they want to put into your body. Hear is your new RFID chip, hear is our new concoction of God knows what.
I just hope everyone questions everything. I find ZH posters are highly intelligent. Please think about everything you hear and see before reacting. Question even the Tyler's because there is an agenda.
So your saying a doctor will not ask you of you just came from Western Africa or had close contact with someone who just came from Western Africa ? That if I show up in a doctors office with a fever they will immediately call gov and have me forcibly quarantined ? I understand there are many lunatics out there and full of emotion. Zero hedge now has 9 out of 10 lunatics
Have you ever thought bills like the patriot act or NDAA would ever exist in the USA. Look at what the CT governor stated the other day. You never know what they may try. If the fear level reaches epic proportions, people will willingly give up liberty for security.
Now If I am considered a lunatic to you, thats ok, as I respect freedom of speech.
I don't agree with every detail of what you are saying but it's damn important to watch for the whole boiling frog thing. But I also see a reverse boiling frog.
When I first learned about the Treasury's relationship with the Fed, or about HFT, I went down a rabbit hole that showed me they will do ANYTHING. I just find myself needing to be careful to not assume they are doing EVERYTHING. I think that is where we can get too deep into conspiracy theory. I don't want to be a sleeping sheep who laps up everything she is fed by the so called administration/elites. But neither do I want to be eating up every conspiracy that comes along either. The Frog can gradually boil both ways.
That is an interesting concept, MsCreant - the "reverse boiling frog thing". I get what you mean about watching out for going to either extreme of paranoia, or complacency. I don't know if the reverse is technically thawing, or freezing, but they are just as lethal as boiling. When a human experiences hypothermia, gradually, the last few hours, they have an undeniable sense that they are too hot, and start shedding whatever clothing they have. Severe asthmatics have a final phase of apparent normal breathing, just before they arrest- they are not moving enough air to cause a wheeze, and they appear to be improving. What I am suggesting is, nature is full of tricks, that, if you study them, you only get more confused. Water is the only common element that gets less dense as it freezes, hence lakes freeze on the top, not the bottom. The moon rotates in almost exact unison to the earths rotations, so that as we and the moon spin, we actually continuously only ever see one face of it. This is due to exhuastion, over a vast amount of time, where the tidal pool of the earths ocean actually deformed the face of the moon, so it is "tidal locked".
Your point was you are just as afraid to go to tin foil, as too sheepy- but, the way you express it, you seem powerless to decide when and how to pursue something, as if it were magical, like sailing off the end of the earth. You and I both know there are ways to investigate things. What I use to decide the dial reaches 11 top of the tinfoil scale is, very simply, what had been documented to have already happened.
One example of a primary source is the Pulitzer Prize Winning book, Legacy of Ashes, by Tim Weiner, a NY Times reported for many years. It is a long and detailed book that depends on many primary sources, and, becasue a certain amount of time has passed, he is able to reveal, in detail, precisely what we did in Iran and Egypt and Chile and Vietnam and Cambodia. My point is, if any of us took the time to see what is NOT conspiracy theory, but what actually occureed, you would have a firm ground to decide what, in fact, we are capable of, becasue, this is what we did last time. If you knew history in detail- which you do- you would have the confidence to let the frog boil. Having read history extensively, it isnt about boiling a frog so slowly it doesnt notice- it is better described as being hit with a bat. People aren't worried about studying and questioning how bad it might be- they are not afraid because they fear the answer, which they already know- they fear the social shunning of anyone who stands out from the crowd. Two weeks ago, there were many of us saying that the CDC guidelines were missing the way this spreads, and that the government did not have this under control. Figuratively, everyone who watched us moved quietly a few feet away from us. Now that this is the accepted view, they pretend it was always the accepted view. This is how humans do things. For this sweet, 26 year old Vietnamese Dallas nurse, this could be fatal. At a certain point, for a subset of people - if this ebola situation worsens, or societal structure, or economic structure, worsens- there will be a point where staying with the herd, instead of acting boldly, will mean death. The Jews who didnt get out, despite the warnings, before the trains started towards Buchenwald; the Cambodians who ran towards the approaching Khmer Rouge tanks. MsCreant, ZH is a florid example of many wacked out theories, there are people on here who are typing from locked wards - but, I don't want to ever think that you would not take the time and effort to pursue a line of reasoning, only becasue you fear what others will think of you. I have two videos that I think are important- perhaps some of you have heard of them, but not watched the full footage. Here is Eisenhower making a very dire warning about the military industrial complex. If you have not watched this, please do.
http://wikibit.me/video/CWiIYW_fBfY
Second, as far as bolied frogs go, we have all thought about the Kennedy assasination, but who has stopped to look carefully at the footage? I do not care who you are, or what your preconceptions are. There is no intelligent person who can watch modern HQ footage of the Zapruder film, and not come away with absolute conviction that he was shot from the front and from the right. We all may not be physicists, or forensic experts, but we all have a visual memory that tells is what direction anything we see is impacted from. What do you see? Is there any question at all? My point is, if you got to original sources, like footage of BLDg 7, the amswer is very very clear. Stop thawing frogs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL1qSGk8oMQ
A mind is a terrible thing. A group of Lions is called a "pride" of Lions. A group of zebras are called a "Zeal" Agroup of crows is called a "Murder". A group of frogs is called an "Army".
y
enjoyed your wisdom,
lazy town...
Yes.
Yeah, but could it be that we Westerners may be more susceptible to the virus?
Only because we still allow flights from infected areas...
I suspect that there has been a total Ebola news suppression coming out of Nigeria, at least. Other African countries may be at it too. Western powers may have " threatened " African countries into
serious Ebola control measures with loss of personal liberties OR ELSE air traffic is halted in and out of epidemic countries. I'm speculating on this but how else can one explain only 19 cases in Nigeria ?
The track record for dissemination of information seems more concerned with political outcomes "over there". If the ruling elite see that declaring an "Ebola Crisis" will result in free money (for them) then there will be an incentive to declare such a "crisis" (and skim the vast majority of incoming funds - maybe 90% or more!).
Conversely, if the ruling elite consider that having an Ebola problem would be "bad for business" you can bet that the "problem" will be "disappeared", and anyone reporting information that the Government dislikes, will also be "disappeared" - permanently.
Over there, "life is cheap", and corruption / nepotism still exists - on a scale far worse than in the West. So, relying on "Official Nigerian" information may be a little short-sighted, Maybe . . . . .
Balls. Did you watch the youtube videos posted yesterday on ZerohedgeÉ Those countries have such serious problems that any threats will be ignored. The only thing that can influence them now is the offer of aid, which is why the US might be sending 4000 military personnel to Africa.
I suspect most of those African leaders are not even in their home country; most likely hanging out at their Geneva mansions on the Lake funneling a large percentage of the 'aide' money into their Swiss bank accounts.
Nigeria - I will not go into details, but someone I know, who I think is credible, told me the Nigerians used control techniques that I am quite sure would not be employed in the US.
inoculate.... with what?
At the moment there is no cure...
exactly, inoculate.... with what?
Whatever .gov wants. You are the lab rat.
I wanted to know where this guy Frieden at the CDC came from and who put him there. So I cruised over to the CDC website for his bio.....
http://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/director.htm
Aside from being an Obama-era guy (June 2009), which explains a lot about why this outbreak is being dealt with in a POLITICAL way, as opposed to a SCIENTIFIC way, just look at the rest of the page.
I mean TAKE IT ALL IN. Notice anything? This guy's into blogs, and speaking engagements, and.... near as I can tell, "community outreach". This ringing a bell for anyone else besides me?
Ok, we have tried the "let's keep the border open, our best in the world health care system can handle it"
The evidence is in, it clearly isn't working. Shut the border to West Africa.
If governments don't step in, insurance companies and the threat of lawsuits might be the thing that does it.
'When CDC Director Tim Frieden first announced, just a week ago and very erroneously, that he was "confident we will stop Ebola in its tracks here in the United States"'
"Your doing a hell of a job Brownie"
His bio is mostly him and his waving their hands and saying the changes that happened were because of them waving their hands. It truly is amazing the shit people take credit for.
Is it any wonder when a real fucking problem comes along it is shown that he is in fact simply waving his hands like a retard and that this does nothing for anyone?
BTW, Tom is like 4'10".
Looking over Freeden''s CV seems to show he has never personally actually treated a patient; ya know ... examined, diagnosed, treated and followed his own patient. Only supervised, devised, ordered, organized, studied this and that....
*** BEAKING NEWS ***
Potential Earth shattering effects. Ebola outbreak has interrupted chololate production in West Africa. Irrational behavior by spousal units imminent. Prepare to dodge, duck, and run for the exits.
http://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/ebola-chocolate-industry-africa-ef...
Eek!
;-D
> *** BEAKING NEWS ***
Sounds like a piece straight out of Aviary Life, especially where Macaws, and currant buns are in close proximity! ;-))
***BEAKING NEWS***
Has anyone seen Dennis Kneale lately?
"***BEAKING NEWS***
Has anyone seen Dennis Kneale lately?"
No....but I saw his smirk walking the dog this morning.
LOL, sorry guys, my left index finger has a mind of it's own... ;-D
He was last seen walking the beach with a 300 lb woman in a thong bikini.
Regards,
The Arbitrageur
2 questions:
was his collar tight?
was he drooling~
He WAS the 300lb woman
You can find many more at http://www.EbolaReady.com
...okay article, but the dimwits need an editor. Damn article could've been reduced by 75%
wordy wordy wordy douche has been in academia too long, steady paycheck in hand
Think this through. This will sound callous, but the overcrowded and desparately unsanitary slums of West Africa's largest cities have resulted in a mere 4,000 deaths. So what chance does it have in the developed world? It won't take off unless its lethality drops significantly.
On an unrelated note there are over twelve thousand African doctors working for the UK's National Health Service (and I would wager a disproportionate number of their nurses). Even the ultra-politically correct BBC admits we take the qualified medical staff from African nations facing staff shortages. So liberal-minded open borders advocates are partly responsible for those 4,000 dying West Africans.
That's only the counted ones, real numbers are much much higher.
Isn't it great how folks buy these numbers being reported, even though the WHO/CDC themselves admit they are under reported, even though the guys burying the bodies report more corpses that the hospitals, and conclude "It can't be that bad if the numbers are not higher."
Denial.
I am not saying we are in trouble today. But if we don't act with full knowledge and full force to snuff this out, at minimum it could halt the economy. At worst, civilization itself ceases to exist (I know, I know, that may not be bad, but do you really wanna go there today?).
I am in COMPLETE agreement with your statement[s]. Many who cheer for the end of civilization have zero concept of what that will really mean, much less do they have the ability, stamina, strength and the Stones to handle how life would/will be if this is TEOTWAWKI. During my time in service I have been to far too many 3rd world shitholes and know [within reason] how fucked up it will be here. Hell I'd Mogadishu over the former US in a SHTF situation, and I know how to Fight and am not afraid of punching someones card who is a Threat to me and mine, but Fuck me Sideways I truly do not want to go through that mess if I can help it. ~ YMMV
The reported numbers are only a minimum estimate. They do not have enough beds (hundreds short) for the patients in Sierra Leone and Liberia and the evidence of declining numbers there could just as easily be the healthcare system imploding under the stresses. The health officials with the body pick-up crews are even accepting bribes to write a cause of death report as something OTHER than ebola so they can be buried in their family plots rather than be desposed of in a safe manner.
Truth is that we don't really have a good idea about the numbers but when the mutation arrives that could wipe a big chunk of civilazation... it will be seen on this map first.
Page 2 outbreak map
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136161/1/roadmapupdate10Oct14_e...
These possible cases are not yet in the map:
Plus another african traveller with suspect Ebola in Belleville, Ontario, Canada (just north of Lake Ontario) and a third suspect case in Edmonton Alberta (about 8,000 miles north of Murmansk, Russia).
Plus there was a little girl with suspected Ebola in quebec a week or so ago. She had also returned from a recent trip to the area of maximum infection.
Party On!!
I'm always mindful of Margaret Chan's comment in an earlier WHO podcast, clearly stating that the real number of cases could be up to 20 x the number reported.
Those on the front line might have more pressing tasks than faithfully (and accurately) recording statistics for the WHO (who are not that well-regarded by MSF volunteers!)
Seems they muffled ol' Margaret. She was talking too much Truth.
So, according to you, when will the transmission rate dip below exponential?
West African populations have built up a great deal of resistance over the years to Ebola. There are many people in those countries who cannot catch it. We in the U.S. have not built up that sort of resistance; we are biologically naive.
So if you were a qualified medical professional and you were given the opportunity to live in England or stay in Africa you would remain in Africa? The choice of staying or leaving is prettry clear. I do not blame them for wanting a better life for themselves and family in the UK. The UK is not to blame either. The medical professional could have remained in their respective countries and not sought economic gain and prosperity. But we all know that is not what people do. They strive for more as most do.
If I was an advertising exec working on the Clorox account I'd be designing a bleach dispenser for toilet bowls (backsplash?) and frantically trying to locate a stadium for the 2014 Clorox Ebola Bowl right about now...
We are working around the clock in the lab to design a self-incinerating man-diaper. Would anyone here like to volunteer to be a test pilot?
No thanks... fur is flamable...
and no sitting down on any warm moist foam seats anywhere: airlines, airports, trains, trainstations, cars, doctor's office, hospital rooms...BestBuy's, restaurants, and ER's.
...do I get to drink a 6-pack first?
"we ebola-d some folks"
…Russia to the rescue… !!!
http://rt.com/news/195536-ebola-russia-vaccine-send/
They weaponized it...sick Luciferians*.
*Not the Russians, but the Nuland-Kagan types.
Apparently FEMA will be running a drill next month involving a "flu" pandemic. Local internet shut down will be part of the drill. The financial sector will be involved. The whole thing has been planned for two years. We already know THEY like to use drills as cover for false flags (for example, see 9/11 and the London subway bombings). Makes me wonder if Ebola is going to be used as the excuse for the inevitable financial collapse and martial law. FEMA is itching to use all their camps and giant plastic coffins. http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/
This article, and the comments above the bulge, are prophetic: http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2014-10-10/ebola-outbreak-would-be-advanta...
Everyone should read that wordpress link. http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/
Then keep reading down the thread. Some samples below. Then wonder what exactly is going on.
How about new Ebola cases falling like a stone in Liberia? http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/liberian-county-records-massi...
How about Formaldeyde in Water Allegedly Causing Ebola-like Symptoms
How about http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/2014/10/11/liberias-largest-newspaper-eb...
How did Briton die with no contact with Africa http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/7698/
The main test is suspect says the inventor of it http://jonrappoport.wordpress.com/2014/10/06/the-ebola-test-let-the-test...
Or this one: Sierra Leone closes US bioweapons lab at center of Ebola outbreak. They were researching whether Ebola could be weaponized. Right when Ebola went exponential thanks to longer incubation time and improved airborne transmission.
http://birdflu666.wordpress.com/2014/07/24/sierra-leone-orders-us-biowea...
Hey,
What do you make of this?
http://www.crucell.com/R_AND_D_CLINICAL_DEVELOPMENT_EB.HTM
I think it's very strange that the page seems not to have been updated since 2008.
Interesting. I didn't look at that.
I grabbed the pdf and read the page.
That page has surprised a professional epidemiologist when I passed it on to them.
TPTB have been working this issue for a long time.
Also surprising that the vaccine is supposedly effective against Marburg virus. Seems the most common scenario is that a vaccine is only effective against a particular strain of a virus. I would expect fast-mutating ebola to mutate out from under any vaccine we could develop.
i knew when my grandfather (an ex CPO USN, WW2) told us kids about running up to archangel with supplies for the red army...that karma who come back
thank you, russia...
that and pictures of a a russian lady with him, in uniform, with stars on the cuffs of her greatcoat...and in her eyes...
musta been the chocolate bar he gave her...
Any vaccine from Russia will be sanctioned by US/EU.
"Fuck Ebola Victims" - Victoria Nudelman
Listen.
Be still and listen.
Ever since the very first documented outbreak (70's) as detailed by Richard Preston in the book (not a novel, but a scientific accounting of tragedy) "The Hot Zone", where in it was determined without a doubt that it is Airborne, it has likewise been found to be Airborne. Until this time around. When the very nature of the beast has been denied.
The fiddlefucking about for whatever reason (Don't Panic!?) is going to wind up costing lives.
The Government is going to be responsible for killing it's very own citizens from malfeasance, ineptness, ignorance, incompetence, malintent and Political Correctness.
It Is Airborne
not directed at you knuckles,
but i say again..
DUH!
correct knuckles, however as pessimistic as I am about this at least on the frontline of this I can tell you that the docs and nurses are waking up.....we know we're gonna get clobbered by these liars
That's sort of the problem. Keep lying to people when death is involved, eventually they make up their OWN MINDS..... and just walk. That's when it can go from bad to catastrophic.
The economic cost of treating one Ebola patient, along with the number of personnel & resources necessary, is ENORMOUS.
Now, imagine dealing with hundreds or thousands of suspected cases.
Now, imagine dealing with hundreds or thousands of actual cases.
Now, imagine any/all the above scenarios at a time when frontline medical personnel such as nurses seek to minimize t
The economic cost of treating one Ebola patient, along with the number of personnel & resources necessary, is ENORMOUS.
Now, imagine dealing with hundreds or thousands of suspected cases.
Now, imagine dealing with hundreds or thousands of actual cases.
Now, imagine any/all the above scenarios at a time when frontline medical personnel such as nurses seek to minimize their exposure b/c they know they're not being provided adequate prophylactic measures and do not want to expose their own families/children/neighbors.
It's going to crash the system. The system would have had to have been revamped a decade ago to properly prepare for a situation such as this if containment was the goal.
And still the inbound flights from Ebola hot zones come in daily, 150 to 200 per day.
and no sitting down on any warm moist foam seats anywhere: airlines, airports, trains, trainstations, cars, doctor's office, hospital rooms...BestBuy's, restaurants, and ER's.
CDC/USAMRIID protocols for Ebola handling looked a heck of a lot more convincing in the movie "Outbreak" than they look right now in reality. People who care about their immediate future might want to check that movie again. It's like that "Idiocracy" flick, more documentary than fiction...