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Ebola 2014 Is Mutating As Fast As Seasonal Flu
Yesterday we reported that according to Peter Jahrling of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease - one of the top authorities in the world on Ebola - and who is on the front lines fighting Ebola disease in Liberia, there is something different about the current Ebola outbreak in that not only does it spread more easily than it did before, but the viral loads in Ebola patients are much higher than they are used to seeing. "I have a field team in Monrovia. They are running [tests]. They are telling me that viral loads are coming up very quickly and really high, higher than they are used to seeing.... It may be that the virus burns hotter and quicker."
That is one observation on how different the current Ebola outbreak may be from the traditional fare. Another one comes courtesy of Operon Labs, which as cited in detail below, notes that "the current Ebola 2014 virus is mutating at a similar rate to seasonal flu (Influenza A). This means the current Ebola outbreak has a very high intrinsic rate of viral mutation. The bottom line is that the Ebola virus is changing rapidly, and in the intermediate to long term (3 months to 24 months), Ebola has the potential to evolve."
The question is evolve into what?
Submitted on Behalf of Operon Labs, Contributor to Spatiotemporal Modelling Project
Ebola 2014 is Mutating as Fast as Seasonal Flu
Background:
The current Ebola 2014 virus is mutating at a similar rate to seasonal flu (Influenza A). This means the current Ebola outbreak has a very high intrinsic rate of viral mutation. The bottom line is that the Ebola virus is changing rapidly, and in the intermediate to long term (3 months to 24 months), Ebola has the potential to evolve.
We cannot predict exactly what the Ebola virus will look like in 24 months. There is an inherent stochastic randomness to viral evolution which makes predictions on future viral strains difficult, if not impossible. One basic tenet we can rely on is this: Viruses tend to maximize their infectivity (basic reproduction number) within their biological constraints (Nowak, 2006).
These evolutionary constraints can be extremely complex, and can include trade-offs between virulence and infectivity, conditions of superinfection, host population dynamics, and even outbreak control measures.
One of the few statements we can make with confidence that the Ebola genome is changing at a specific rate, which is explained below.
Ebola Mutation Rate:
Analysis of the available research suggests that the Ebola 2014 virus is currently mutating at a rate 200% to 300% higher than historically observed (Gire, 2014).
Ebola Genome Substitution Rates (Gire, 2014)
Furthermore, the Ebola-2014 virus's mutation rate of 2.0 x 10−³ subs/site/year is nearly identical to Influenza A's mutation rate of 1.8 x 10−³ subs/site/year (Jenkins, 2002). This means Ebola 2014 is mutating as fast as seasonal flu.
Disclaimer: This paper contains no evidence (for or against) alternate modes of transmission for Ebola, nor is this paper postulating that genetic changes have impacted EVD clinical presentation (although evidence for this has started to emerge). This paper is simply demonstrating what appears to be a rapid rate of evolution in the Ebola 2014 Virus. Many recent Ebola viral mutations have been synonymous mutations, some have been in intergenic regions, while others are non-synonymous substitutions in protein-coding regions. All have unknown impact at the present time. Such questions should be the subject of future scientific research. This article simply points out that Ebola in 2014 is undergoing rapid mutation and adaptation. The future implications of Ebola's rapid evolution are unclear.
We chose to compare Ebola-2014 to Influenza A (Seasonal Flu) because Influenza is one of the fastest-mutating viruses (Jenkins, 2002). Unlike chickenpox (VZV), which people usually only contract once per lifetime, Influenza can infect a single individual many times repeatedly over the years. One of the reasons Influenza is able to re-infect humans each year is because the Influenza's high mutation rate allows the virus to generate 'escape mutants'. Escape mutants are Influenza viruses which are no longer recognized by human immune systems. Each winter presents us with a new mutated strain of the Influenza virus. Rapid mutation is beneficial to Influenza genetic fitness (in regards to antigenic regions), because it allows a 'new' Influenza virus to circulate year after year.
The benefit of a high mutation rate in Ebola 2014 is different -- the genetic changes in Ebola-2014 allow for rapid exploration of the entire fitness landscape in a brand new host -- humans. We need to be aware that the Ebola-2014 virus is undergoing rapid adaptation.
Ebola in Zoonotic Reservoir: Viral Genome adapted to Fruit Bats. (Green)
Ebola in Human Hosts: Viral Genome adapted to Humans. (Red)
Ebola Genotype will move Green -> Red during serial passage through Humans.
Until the Ebola outbreak is brought under control, the Ebola-2014 virus will continue to seed and adapt in its growing pool of West African human hosts. We need to consider that as the weeks and months go on, the rapidly-changing Ebola-2014 virus will undergo repeated export from the West African region to countries around the world.
As new Ebola cases grow in West Africa and elsewhere, we are effectively conducting 'serial passage' experiments of Ebola-2014 through human hosts. The repeated passage of Ebola-2014 through humans is exerting selection pressure on the Ebola-2014 virus to adapt to our species (instead of fruit bats). The introduction of Ebola-2014 into a large pool of West African human hosts (coupled with the complex dynamics of evolutionary selection pressure) may allow the Ebola-2014 virus to become more transmissible as the months go on, particularly in the absence of effective control interventions.
The high mutation rate we see in Ebola-2014 reflects its ability to rapidly explore the fitness landscape. The ability of Ebola to undergo rapid genome substitutions and SNPs, coupled with genetic recombination, will allow 'survival of the fittest' in Ebola-2014 genetic variants (on both the intra-host and inter-host levels). New Ebola sub-clades are created with each passing month (there are already four sub-clades as of August 2014). New Ebola genetic variants are created with each new infection, though most are selected against. Rapid adaptation emerges from the high intrinsic Ebola-2014 mutation rate, coupled with the virus's ability to undergo RNA recombination during superinfection.
Molecular dating of the Ebola-2014 outbreak (Gire, 2014).
Probability distributions for both 2014 divergence events are overlaid above.
This phylogenetic tree is based on 99 Ebola viral genomes deep-sequenced from 78 distinct patients in Sierra Leone (Gire, 2014). We can see in the figure above that there are at least four Ebola genetic clusters (or sub-clades) based on phylogenetic analysis: These Ebola clusters are called GN, SL1, SL2, and SL3 by Gire et al. The key takeaway is that even prior to July 2014, the current Ebola outbreak had already accumulated significant genetic diversity. Furthermore, the dominant circulating Ebola variants have changed over time. Up to four different Ebola-2014 viral sub-clades (groups of genetically related Ebola isolates) have circulated between humans since the onset of the 2014 Ebola outbreak.
As the number of people affected by the 2014 Ebola outbreak has grown, so has the number of Ebola unique viral mutations and unique viral genetic lineages. We can expect Ebola 2014 viral lineages to grow as some function f(i) proportional to the number of people infected with Ebola.
Ebola-2014: Acquisition of genetic variation over time (Gire, 2014).
Fifty mutational events (short dashes) and 29 new viral
lineages (long dashes) were observed.
The diagram above suggests that as the Ebola-infected host pool grows, so does the number of unique Ebola viral lineages (Gire, 2014). This implies that Ebola acquires genetic diversity as it infects more people, particularly if the virus undergoes recombination during superinfection (Niman, 2007). The growing number of new Ebola viral lineages will undergo natural selection for some 'optimum' balance of virulence, infectivity, tissue tropism, immune suppression, and other parameters which maximize the reproductive fitness of the Ebola virus in humans. What that final virus might eventually look like 2 years from now is anyone's guess. But the explosion of genetic variation suggests that the Ebola virus will become more difficult to contain as time goes on, which is why early action is important.
The idea that the Ebola-2014 Virus jumped species, but is now somehow 'static' or 'frozen in time' is a mistake. The Ebola-2014 virus is undergoing a period of rapid adaptation in human hosts, as evidenced by the Ebola RNA sequences deposited in Genbank, and the studies referenced with this article. Hopefully, interventions (like contact tracing) will be able to stop Ebola-2014 before the virus optimizes its genotype.
These are two scenarios to outline what may happen in the future. The critical variable determining the global outcome of Ebola is the response in West Africa, not the response in the United States.
Best Case Scenario:
WHO immediately deploys contact-tracing teams on the ground in West Africa. The US Military is deployed as well, and constructs hospitals sufficient to care for the sick. The hospitals are staffed by qualified (read: well trained) caregivers. Teams on the ground track down and care for Ebola-infected patients across West Africa, distributing self-treatment kits, food, medicine, and expertise. An effort is made to involve local authorities and community leaders. These efforts cause measurable reductions in the basic reproduction number of the virus by the end of 2014.
Within 3 months to 9 months, the outbreak in West Africa peaks, levels-off, and begins to fade. The Ebola virus never has the opportunity to acquire any significant mutations, due to its limited host pool. Ebola is fully under control by early 2015. Sporadic cases in other countries are dealt with by treatment and contact tracing. By Q4 2015, multiple Ebola vaccines and drugs are in the pipeline limiting the overall threat Ebola poses.
Worst Case Scenario:
The international response is perpetually behind the curve. Every response action is 8 to 12 weeks too late. Statistics from the WHO become volatile and are unreliable as the lack of deployed personnel make hard numbers impossible to pin down. By 2015 the number of infections is in the hundreds of thousands in West Africa. The West African region exports 'asymptomatic infectives' which go undetected by basic screening. These individuals 'seed' outbreaks in other countries.
As more people become infected, a significant mutation arises that allows for a longer asymptomatic but infectious period, increasing the R-0. Globally, cases continue to double every 16 days, contact tracing infrastructure outside the West becomes saturated, and hospitals are overrun. By early-to-mid 2015, the global pool of Ebola-infected patients are in the millions, mainly centered in West Africa and Southeast Asia with multiple strains of varying virulence. A sudden change in the outbreak epidemiology caused by a recombinant Ebola strain causes confusion about how to respond. Efforts at developing treatments/vaccines become logistically complex and ineffective.
The implication of the Ebola 2014 mutation rate is this: A single Ebola mutation doesn't necessarily mean the virus will become 'airborne', or that the virus has altered tissue tropism, or that the virus spreads more easily. But a high intrinsic rate of Ebola mutation means that such changes may become possible in the future. If the number of people infected grows into the hundreds of thousands, or even low millions, then the probability of a significant 'constellation' of accumulated Ebola mutations with phenotypic impact becomes more likely. The problem is that accumulated Ebola mutations will scale with the size of the population infected. Conversely, in a small population, such Ebola mutations are not likely to have a significant impact. It's a bit like the virus is buying lottery tickets... The more lottery tickets the Ebola virus 'buys', the more chances it has to 'win'.
Next Steps:
The general consensus in the scientific and epidemiological community is immediate intervention in West Africa is necessary in order to avoid taking the risky outcomes possible in a 'worst case' scenario. A suitable response would need to include airlifting self-treatment kits with thermometers, the distribution of life-saving drugs, the construction of Ebola treatment centers, hospital staffing, contact tracing teams, and so forth. A robust international response must happen soon in order to ensure that the current situation with the Ebola outbreak remains a 'best case' outcome.
References:
[1] Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak. (Gire et al, 2014).
[2] Rates of Molecular Evolution in RNA Viruses: A Quantitative Phylogenetic Analysis. (Jenkins et al, 2002).
[3] Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants. (Wittman et al, 2007).
[4] Ebola Recombination: Recombinomics Commentary. (Niman, 2007).
[5] Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring the Equations of Life. (Nowak, 2006).
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love your posts operon, thx!
Given the dithering response times, and the shear numbers already reported, it would seem that 'containment & treatment' is not possible
in the real world long run. If the 'isolation' worst case manifests, the MIC will launch nukes to tactically disadvantage perceived enemies and to buffer future attacks. Tactically, the US ARMY will place itself in the best possible future outcome and not a random possible outcome. If Ebola is weaponized, and many think it already is, the resulting contagion and system wide destruction will have been planned from the get go. If we assume that the MIC is operating strategically, and tactically, they have already planned their survival beyond that of the general population and that would clearly indicate that a military coup has taken place in the land of the oppressed/free. I, for one, cannot afford to trust anything other than the worst possible case outcome of biological warfare on the part of the 1%. When Bear Stearns suicided
in 2008 I assumed at that time that the MIC would resort to biological warefare given the obvious numbers of people that would rise up against the status quo if the system crashed entirely. The systemic crash has been delayed in order to give the corporatists enough time to sell their stocks and cash completely out of the petro-dollar. Geithner and Bernanke only provided stop gap measures in terms of their money pump logic of FED printing and ZIRP. We all know the system is carshing right now, but Ebola has taken center stage of late to keep the masses occupied and distracted.
The average incubation period for Ebola 2014 single-contact exposure is 9.4 days. The average incubation period for Ebola 2014 multi-contact exposure is 11.4 days. The mean time from onset of symptoms to death is about 7.5 days. (source: NEJM/WHO)
Also, incubation periods generally follow lognormal or Poisson probability distributions (they are usually like a left-skewed bell curve).
Some scientists I've spoked with believe the avg incubation period is a bit shorter than that reported by WHO, perhaps shorter by about 25%. But that's number isn't published or peer-reviewed I don't think yet. I use 9.4 to 11.4 days in my simulations for incubation period.
Why would multicontact exposure have a longer incubation time than a single-exposure. Wouldn't the viral load be higher in multiple exposures?
I really don't know. I'm pulling the data straight from NEJM/WHO.
To be precise, we are talking 'single-day' exposures (incubation 9.4 +/- 7.4 days) vs 'multi-day exposures' (incubation 11.4 +/- NA days).
Figure: Ebola 2014 Epidemiological Statistics (NEJM/WHO):
http://operonlabs.com/sites/default/files/field/image/nejm_who1.png
I can speculate if you want. I'd assume the difference is either (1) statistical noise, given that the former value has a wide confidence interval, or (2) single-day vs multi-day exposure modulate the immune system differently.
But honestly: I simply don't know. Here is the full-text NEJM/WHO paper :
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article
admin .at. operonlabs.com
for god's sake, please get rid of that annoying commercial pop up! Fuck MFS.
the best vector is international flights/airports - followed by barrios and Chinatowns.
Translation: Once this gets widespread, be prepared to face a new ebola season each year, just like the flu.
Translation: Once this gets widespread, be prepared to face a new ebola season each year, just like the flu.
"This phylogenetic tree is based on 99 Ebola viral genomes deep-sequenced from 78 distinct patients in Sierra Leone"
WTF: It is evolving within single hosts?!?
It's too hot. This is impossible. It's jumping states within hosts?!? If this keeps up we'll never be able to control it. This thing is a nightmare.
The only place it can evolve is within a single host. Every cell it infects is a roll of the genetic dice. Most of those rolls will "lose" or "hold"... Some of those rolls will "win". The rolls that "win" are the ones that are most likely to infect new hosts.
Simple as that.
New hosts = more rolls of the dice = greater odds of "winning"
Doesn't sound right does it, but it has a few trillion roles of the dice with each human it devours.
Yeah, good luck with a vaccine.
Yes, correct. Ebola is evolving 'within hosts'. But most all RNA viruses do this. They have a defined mutation rate per cell cycle.
The vast majority of viral mutations result in either 'no change' (silent mutations) or defective copies. It's the mutations that are more 'genetically fit' (whatever that means , in all parameters that represent evolutionary 'dimensions')... The viruses that are more genetically fit are the problem.
One big issue is that Ebola inherently has the ability to infect ALL cell sub-types (with the exception of lymphocytes -- meaning T-cells, B-cells, etc). Anyway, since Ebola can infect all cell types besides lymphocytes (as it enters via the ubiquitous NPC1 cholesterol receptor), it's conceivable that part of Ebola's fitness space includes tissue tropism for any organ (in theory).
Again, this is not to scare anyone. All RNA viruses evolve 'within hosts' and generally nothing happens. There are a few major problems in the Ebola scenario...
(1) Ebola jumped species, so now is undergoing a period of rapid adaptation. This is a common process when viruses change species.
(2) Ebola can infect most any tissue besides B-cells and T-cells, but tends to prefer monocytes and macrophages, then it's second preference tends to be lymphatic tissue and fibroblasts in the liver and kidneys. What if it changes tissue preferences, for example, to the lung? Let's hope that never happens.
(3) Ebola has such a high CFR that even a dramatic reduction in virulence would result in a virus that is still a problem. 1918 influenza was a 'low' CFR compared to Ebola, but still was a huge global problem.
On the positive side, some districts (Lofa I think) in Africa are reporting reductions in cases. Hopefully, this will be contained / burn itself out / not become a problem... Then we won't ever again have to listen to reporters pretend to understand biology.
I pretty much upvote all of Miffed's comments just on general principle....
It's not easy to describe common sense, but we know it when we see it;)
Does ebola have a candidate for November? Otherwise get to the back of the line up. FBI profiles for everybody!
What happened in Jacksonville?
What happened to the 5 guys on the plane in Boston?
What happened to the first ebola nurse's boyfriend?
I think there were more reported but never cleared.
Stories are starting to go down the memory hole.
Everything is going to "blow-over" and you are not going to know there is a epidemic until you see people vomitting blood in the streets.
Exactly. There appears to be a media embargo that kicked in a few days ago. Last week they were stoking panic. Seems a memo went out, because recently, from the MSM, it's been nothing but rainbows and unicorns. My theory is that it became obvious that ebola was hurting Obama and thus the Dem chances to keep the Senate. So the Dems tried blaming ebola on the Republicans ("they didn't adequately fund the CDC/NIH") but the public wasn't buying it... especially as stories came out about CDC using its budget to study why male fruit flies prefer younger mates, or why lesbians are disproportionately overweight, or gun control). So suddenly the media took its lapdog lead from the White House and its political hacks at CDC, and we aren't going to hear any ebola bad news until after the election. I wouldn't be surprised if there are several new cases and they have been covered up.
+1000000
FCC spectra and licenses are on the line.
CNN literally did a news report this week on the evil scaremongering being done in the news regarding ebola. I do not recall if they included clips of their broadcasts the week before.
Thanks for the article. However the link to the original source (Operon Labs) does not work. Please correct as time permits.
The link is http://operonlabs.com/?q=node/20
Curfew in Sierra Leone town after rioting, shooting…
Authorities in Sierra Leone imposed a curfew in the eastern town of Koidu on Tuesday after a dispute between youth and police over a suspected case of Ebola degenerated into gunfire and rioting, officials said.
latest:
http://tersee.com/#!q=ebola&t=text
GOOD LUCK EBOLA-CHAN
So it seems the news has dried up on new cases in the US? are there truly no new cases or are we just not hearing about them????????
The conditions for the spread pf the contagion remain the same.
West African reservoir
effective airline transportation
no real effective diagnostic screening utilized
virulent pathogen bsl 4 with influenza A adaptability
Please, if you can, store up enough stuff so that you can sit in your domicile for a year.
I don't know what will happen. But a little extra consumerism will help GDP.
We don't know. It seems like there are no new cases from Duncan.
Thanks. I feel much better about everything.
THE END IS NIGH!!! THE END IS NIGH!!! THE END IS NIGH!!! THE END IS NIGH!!! THE END IS NIGH!!! THE END IS NIGH!!!
my God you clowns are absolutely preposterous... the irony of how much ebolahedge fear-mongers this topic, juxtaposed with the reader populations hatred of when the government fear-mongers (aka false flag attacks designed to implement martial law and all that other bullshit you people spew) is truly hilarious and an abomination to our nation. such a huge fucking double standard its almost hard to believe.
keep hustlin cuz.
My God you are absolutely a perposterous clown, ironic how you keep posting the same comments over and over about fear mongering on zerohedge when, a few days ago, you said you were going to leave this site forever because you couldn't stand it. Yet you keep coming back. Such a huge fucking double standard its almost hard to believe.
And you never answer anyone who calls you out on this.
Guess you just keep hustlin cuz.
"On a long enough timeline" all of the fools go away.
"We need to consider that as the weeks and months go on, the rapidly-changing Ebola-2014 virus will undergo repeated export from the West African region to countries around the world."
This also opens new opportunities for the virus to find new reservoir hosts.
Obama is mutating as fast as the clap.
I'm open to conspiracy thoughts - mostly for amusing conversation.
Hopefully people are waking up to what I have known all along - that the CDC, NIH, FEMA and Homeland SucksSecurity will not save them from [insert disease name such as Ebola, Enterovirus, ISIS, etc.].
I think the news will report that these little pockets of exposed people have been given a clean bill of health at the end of their "watch" period.
The general public will move on. Any concerns raised will be squashed as paranoia.
Down the road in the not too distant future: I think we'll see pockets of infections but the news will be suppressed (sure, you'll hear of 1 or 3 patients) - until there comes a point when it can no longer be hidden.
Obama and his minions are fearful of the public going off the rails.
They're right to be.
The Spanish priest have probably all flown back to the vatican and drinking merlot from gold cups at this point.
It's been drilled into every one's head how unlike Ebola is to the Flu, but that could blindside us to not look for any similarities between them, too.
It might surprise you, even though Ebola is not airborne like flu, just how many of the seasonal influences that unleash flu every fall and winter could also enhance Ebola contagiousness then, too!
According to..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_season
The exact mechanism behind the seasonal nature of influenza outbreaks is unclear. Some proposed explanations are:
- People are indoors more often during the winter, they are in close contact more often, and this promotes transmission from person to person.
- A seasonal decline in the amount of ultraviolet radiation may reduce the likelihood of the virus being damaged or killed by direct radiation damage or indirect effects (i. e. ozone concentration) increasing the probability of infection.
- Cold temperatures lead to drier air, which may dehydrate mucous membranes, preventing the body from effectively defending against respiratory virus infections.[6][7][8]
- The virus may linger longer on exposed surfaces (doorknobs, countertops, etc.) in colder temperatures.
- In nations where children do not go to school in the summer, there is a more pronounced beginning to flu season, coinciding with the start of public school. It is thought that the creche environment is perfect for the spread of illness.
- Vitamin D production from Ultraviolet-B in the skin changes with the seasons and affects the immune system.[9][10][11]
- Research in guinea pigs has shown that the aerosol transmission of the virus is enhanced when the air is cold and dry.[6]
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/05/health/research/05flu.html?_r=0 says...
- The virus was transmitted best at a low humidity, 20 percent, and not transmitted at all when the humidity reached 80 percent.
- Flu viruses are more stable in cold air, and low humidity also helps the virus particles remain in the air. That is because the viruses float in the air in little respiratory droplets, Dr. Palese said. When the air is humid, those droplets pick up water, grow larger and fall to the ground.
Seems to me, even though Ebola is not supposed to be airborne, every one of those same mechanisms above should make Ebola much more contagious then, too.
Especially as we already know Ebola in the lab when subjected to cooler temperatures, stays viable much longer on surfaces, weeks longer, in fact. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20553340
And, we know that Ebola aerosol transmission is well documented. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/09/commentary-health-wor...
We've never seen Ebola, that I'm aware of, infection rates in an environment outside of African heat and humidity.
It's possible that whatever contagion risk level Ebola is today, while warmer, for surface, aerosol or airborne ability to infect others, come this fall and winter colder weather, it could become a whole different ballgame! Surface and aerosol infection risks will most certainly go up and, who knows, but it might just be the right environment then for limited airborne transmission, too, even without mutating at all!!
Regardless, Ebola, the cold version, could be so bad many would swear then that it must of had mutated!
The only thing that seems to be mutating is the propaganda. The disinformation that's being spread about Ebola keeps being changed to keep the fear going.
For example, when someone says that there are no new U.S. cases of the virus, then someone else says that the reason is that the incubation period is longer than previously determined.
It's circular logic.
no REPORTED cases. different from no cases potentially.
Before deciding what you believe to be true and what you believe to be false, I urge you to watch and read the following:
Fake News!! CNN & BBC Busted!! ISIS Is A Fake Threat!! 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLBOYw-AeKA
Debunk the myth of Al Qaeda
Its size and reach have been blown out of proportion
http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0523/p11s02-coop.html
Whose sarin?
http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n24/seymour-m-hersh/whose-sarin
Governments deceive their populations. That is an immutable fact because their power lay in their ability to deceive.
So, if you determine that all information from the government and the mainstream news media consists of either half-truths
or total lies, then you can see things with a bit more clarity.
Knowing that we are being lied to is NOT the same as discovering whatever may be closer to the factual truth about situations. It adds some limited clarity to recognize that one is being lies to, however, those lies appear to me infinite tunnels of deceits, where the lies are different at every level.
Things in life never seem to make sense. On one hand you've got governments and bankers actively selling their credit/debit slavery products as mortgages and auto loans to who ever will take it; pumping up the cost all the time (a.k.a bubbles). On the other they are making, funding and using viruses to kill off the same debters? eh?
don't forget to get your flu shot this season
All you need to know: The CDC says you cannot catch Ebola from sitting next to someone on the bus, yet is prohibiting suspected Ebola patients from riding on public transportation! CON-fidence!
Somebody is going to have to sit Flounder down and try and explain to him what "mutate" means.
Human beings are attempting to resist the viruses' ecologies through operating human ecologies controlled by the maximum possible deceits and frauds, which gives the viruses a distinct overall advantage. Since human ecologies are dominated by social systems which developed to be directed by the maximum possible deceits and frauds, which were successfully perpetrated by some human beings against other human beings, we appear to be attempting to resist viruses' virulent co-evolutions with us, while we have our hands tied behind our backs and are blindfolded.
This is a bumper sticker I put on my truck.
It has driven many liberals to get really pissed.
http://www.zazzle.com/ebola+gifts
Not trying to sell anything.....but sharing is caring....
.
I can take or leave VT.com most of the time but I find this article very interesting. It goes back to the original team of scientists who studied and decided what to name what we know as Ebola. It's seems that the consensus of the team was that it could possbily have been a form of Tuberculosis, which happens to be absent from the above charts.
http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/10/16/325940/
Selenium deficiency in pigs results in Mulberry Heart Disease, which is hemorrhagic disease contained in the epicardium of young pigs. It is mainly seen in the southeastern US which contains Selenium deficient soil. There is a definite link between nutrition and DNA/RNA in all animal species. Dr. Biig Tom-DVM
It's evolving into a virus that turns ordinary people into politicians. Spookidy.
Instead of whining about ZH on ZH....how about the moaners go to the WHO and tell them to Stop releasing data that shows things are likely to become very bad, and to researchers to stop their research that shows things can become extremely dangerous.
The whiners on ZH want it to be a bit more MSM vanilla, and leave all the nasty data unreported, you know, because if it is not spoken of it doesn't exist.
The fuckers who complain about ZH being too down......should stop and have a look at the fucking world...the abysmal economies that are being made even worse, centeral powers being enhanced and civilian rights being removed......and so on and so forth. Jesus....they want mumy to read them bedtime stories and to say everything is just fine...no need to worry, no need to be aware, no need to think......just a cup of warm coffee and Marketwatch.
These guys think readers of ZH cant think for themselves.......or maybe they don't want people to think..
The US has devolved to two tools in its box....money printing and war. All else is too troublesome and takes too long and is no money in it.
sry, wrong place-post...:(