Billions Of Copies Of Residual DNA In A Single Dose Of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine: Preprint
Authored by Marina Zhang via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),
A new preprint study up for peer review finds billions of residual DNA fragments in the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine vials.
The lead author of the study, molecular virologist David Speicher, who has a doctorate in virology, told The Epoch Times that their study is "the largest study" on residual DNA in COVID-19 vaccines to date.
"In our study, we measured DNA copies of spike, ori (origin of replication), and SV40 enhancer genes," he told The Epoch Times. "The loads of SV40 enhancer-promoter, ori, and virus spike in Pfizer are up to 186 billion copies per dose."
The spike he refers to is the DNA sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which can be transcribed to spike mRNA to be used in the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines to be translated to spike protein. The other two DNAs—SV40 enhancer genes and ori—help facilitate the replication of spike DNA.
However, the final mRNA vaccines should only include RNA and not residual DNA instructions for spike production.
The researchers sequenced the gene material in 27 mRNA vaccine vials from 12 different lots. Nineteen vials were from Moderna, and eight were from Pfizer.
"Further work is needed to investigate if anything in these vaccines is actually integrating into the human genome and what effect that may have," the lead author wrote.
Why Would There Be DNA in mRNA Vaccines?
The mRNA vaccines are made from DNA.
Initially, Pfizer reported that it would use a PCR machine to produce the DNA for the mRNA vaccines. The PCR machine would first make many copies of DNA, and then the same DNA would be sequenced into RNA.
However, because this process would not be fast enough to meet demands, Pfizer announced it would use bacteria to mass produce the spike DNA instead. The DNA produced from the bacteria would then be harvested and sequenced to RNA in a machine.
Moderna's manufacturing report submitted to the European Medicine Agency also showed that the company used plasmid DNA to produce the vaccines. A plasmid is a strand of circular DNA common to bacteria and certain parasites. Plasmids are circular, while human DNA is linear.
Using bacteria to produce genes and proteins is a standard biotechnological process employed in the production of pharmaceuticals.
To have the bacteria replicate spike protein DNA, scientists first have to introduce spike protein DNA into the bacteria. As the bacteria multiply, so do the spike protein DNA they carry.
However, the spike DNA cannot be introduced alone; other sequences—such as the ori, which signals for DNA replication; the SV40 enhancer gene, which encourages more DNA replication; and an antibiotic resistance gene, which helps scientists identify the bacteria that have taken up the gene—would all be introduced together in a circular bacterial DNA.
It should be noted that the SV40 enhancer gene is a genetic sequence from the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40), a DNA virus known to cause cancer in laboratory animals. The gene is not the SV40 virus itself.
Once the mRNA and DNA are harvested from the bacteria, the DNA is then supposed to be removed.
However, it wasn't cleared efficiently, as the billions of copies of spike, ori, and SV40 enhancer DNA detected in the Pfizer vials suggest. Several millions of copies of ori and spike DNA were also found in the Moderna vials, but the SV40 enhancer gene was not detected.
Why DNA Impurities in mRNA Vaccines Are Concerning
Foreign DNA introduced into the cell alongside the mRNA is at risk of being mistaken as human DNA. If it is, it can then be integrated into the cell's blueprint.
The presence of SV40 enhancer genes increases the risk of DNA integration, said the lead author, citing a study published in 1999 that found maximal transport of DNA using the SV40 enhancer. The peak period for SV40 publications, in terms of the overall rate of publication, spanned from the 1980s to 1999.
If the DNA for spike protein is integrated into the host genome, cells will forever contain spike protein sequences. Integration of foreign DNA into the human genome can also cause cancer, as shown in studies of viral DNA integration.
The SV40 enhancer gene is highly controversial in the field of vaccination because it comes from a virus linked to cancer.
Some of the polio vaccines administered between 1955 and 1963 were found to be contaminated with the complete SV40 virus. However, even so, studies have concluded that those vaccinated with the entire SV40 gene are not at a higher risk of developing cancer.
Vials With More DNA Fragments Related to More Adverse Events
The research paper further suggested that vials with higher doses of DNA content could potentially cause more adverse reactions like those found on the Vaccine Adverse Reaction Reports System (VAERS).
These vaccines tended to be the purple-top vials that required dilution before administration. If pharmacists forget to dilute the vials, they may accidentally inoculate children with five times the recommended dose. Therefore, the higher adverse events could also be linked to incorrect dosing of the vaccines.
The researchers used two techniques to determine DNA content dosage: fluorometry and qPCR.
The fluorometry test showed that the DNA content exceeded the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits of 10 nanograms per dose by 188 to over 500 times. However, the qPCR test indicated that the DNA levels detected were below the regulatory standard.
Kevin McKernan, one of the study's authors with 20 years of experience in genomic sequencing who previously worked on the Human Genome Project and who is currently the chief scientific officer and founder of Medicinal Genomics, explained that the discrepancy in tests was because while fluorometry can detect double-stranded DNA of any size, qPCR can only detect DNA that has 100 base pairs or more.
However, while the qPCR tests rendered a result below regulatory standards, Mr. McKernan explained previously that the FDA standards were published at a time when residual DNA in the vial would only be naked DNA that would have difficulty entering cells. This is different from the current mRNA vaccines; now, DNA can be packaged into lipid nanoparticles, transporting it directly into the cell.
What's Next?
The lead author told The Epoch Times that far more research is needed to be done investigating DNA contamination in the COVID-19 vaccines.
Other laboratories also need to trial his team's tests and reproduce their work to come to a more accurate conclusion on the effect DNA dosage has on post-vaccination symptoms.
Other unanswered questions include whether the SV40 sequence in the vaccines is triggering "turbo cancer," according to the lead author. Animal studies must also be done to determine whether residual DNA is causing an immune response.
As noted in recent Epoch Times reports, the FDA refused to recall Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines despite vaccine experts like Dr. Robert Malone speaking out about the vials' DNA contamination. The European Medicines Agency also told The Epoch Times that Pfizer did not highlight that its vials included SV40 genes.
